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In response to an acute physiological stress, our body initiates a series of activities to maintain homeostasis. Which of the following tissue(s) initiate the stress response? Choose ONE.
hypothalamus
3 multiple choice options
What are the main effects of the hormones that are produced in response to an acute physiological response? Choose ALL that apply.
increase blood supply to essential organs
increase blood glucose level
3 multiple choice options
During which phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is the risk for physiological harm, such as reduced immunity and increased susceptibility to physical or mental illness, greatest?
exhaustion pahse
3 multiple choice options
Based on the stress physiology lab manual, what is the best time to measure heart rate upon submerging a hand and forearm into a cold water (i.e., during a Cold Pressor Test)?
1 minute
Which of the following is an earliest indication of an acute physiological stress response during a Cold Pressor Test?
increased heart rate
Which of the following structure(s) are involved in a fight-or-flight response? Choose ALL that apply.
hypothalamus
sympathetic nervous system
adrenal medulla
3 multiple choice options
Which physiological response would NOT happen if you blocked glucocorticoid receptors?
gluconeogenesis
3 multiple choice options
Which structure is common to both the neurally-mediated and endocrine-mediated stress responses? Choose ONE.
hypothalamus
3 multiple choice options
Use the marker, cursor, and data pad to calculate heart rate in the following LabChart trace. Choose ONE.
(7 beats / 7.5125 seconds)*(60 seconds / minute) = 55.9 bpm
3 multiple choice options
Which device converts physiological signals into analog electrical signals? Choose ONE.
transducer
3 multiple choice options
Calcium release to cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells is an important step in generating muscle contraction. What is the immediate step leading to calcium release?
Activation of RyR channels occurs in sarcoplasmic reticulum
3 multiple choice options
What muscle phenomenon is illustrated in the image to the right? Choose all that apply (10 point)
twitch summation
unfused tetanus
3 multiple choice options
At the neuromuscular junction, the somatic motor neuron releases a neurotransmitter that acts upon on the skeletal muscle to initiate contraction. What type of neurotransmitter receptor is on the skeletal muscle? Choose ONE.
nicotinic cholinergic
3 multiple choice options
The force exerted by a muscle is dependent on two factors, one of which is the number of activated motor units. What is this known as? Choose ONE.
recruitments
3 multiple choice options
Randy is rock climbing in Yosemite National Park when he falls from the face of the mountain. Luckily, at the last minute he reaches out and grabs hold of the edge of a rock with his right hand. Based on the properties of skeletal muscle only (not connective tissue or bone), will Randy be able to produce more force to pull himself up if his arm is fully extended or partially flexed? Choose ONE.
fully extended
partially flexed
1 multiple choice option
If a drug reduced the frequency of action potentials, what is another way our nervous system control force production in a muscle in vivo? Choose ONE.
recruitment
3 multiple choice options
Why does the force of a tetanic contraction greater than that of a twitch contraction? This is because:
More Ca2+ is released in a tetanic contraction.
3 multiple choice options
The decrease in active force that occurs at lengths longer than the optimal length is caused by:
insufficient overlap of actin and myosin filaments.
3 multiple choice options
As the time interval between each stimulus decreases (i.e. stimulation frequencies increase), the muscle force generated by each successive stimulus will first increase and then decrease as the stimulus frequency becomes very high. Why does the muscle reach its peak force? Because: Choose All that apply.
all cross-bridges form
more intracellular calcium available
3 multiple choice options
How does summation of muscle twitches occur? Choose ALL that apply.
more cross bridges form
calcium is not resequestered before the next action potential arrives
2 multiple choice options
In mammalian dive reflex (MDR), both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are activated. Why doesn't the heart rate increase during the MRD? Choose ALL that apply.
Muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the heart are stimulated.
Parasympathetic nerves controlling the heart rate are stimulated.
Sympathetic nerves innervating the heart are not stimulated.
1 multiple choice option
Other than bradycardia, what physiological response is characteristic of mammalian dive reflex? Choose one.
peripheral vasoconstriction
The effect of the sympathetic nervous system during mammalian dive reflex is through increase the release of __________, causing ______________in the limb, skin, intestines, and kidneys. Choose ONE.
norepinephrine, vasoconstrict
3 multiple choice options
An increase in the membrane permeability to ________ ion hyperpolarizes autorhythmic cells and slows the rate of depolarization resulting in a decrease in heart rate. Choose ONE.
potassium (K+)
3 multiple choice options
In today's lab we are testing the effects of apnea and cold on the MDR. Would apnea alone produces the same magnitude of effect on heart rate compared to combining these stimuli? Choose ONE.
No. Heart rate would be lowest in the apnea and cold conditions.
3 multiple choice options
Why did you want to normalize the data in the Mammalian Dive Reflex experiment? Choose ONE.
Because of our research question.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following would create a similar type of condition to submerging your face in cold water while wearing SCUBA mask and snorkel? Choose ALL that apply.
SCUBA mask and snorkel with face immersed in warm water.
SCUBA snorkel alone with face immersed in warm water.
Hunched over basin without submerging face.
3 multiple choice options
How does the autonomic nervous system produce bradycardia during the MDR? Choose ONE.
It increases parasympathetic activity.
3 multiple choice options
Imagine you had tested 64 subjects, divided into four groups so that 16 subjects were assigned to each of the four conditions (no apnea, apnea alone, cold alone, and apnea plus cold). What type of study design would this be? Choose ONE.
randomized controlled
3 multiple choice options
In the experiment described above, what type of statistical test would be MOST appropriate? Choose ONE.
one-way anova
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is TRUE about the percentage of oxygen in inspired air on Longs Peak (~14,000 ft)? Choose ONE.
It is equal to that of sea level.
3 multiple choice options
The Chicago Bulls basketball team has arrived in Denver for a game against the Nuggets. Prior to the game, the athletes breathe 100% oxygen for 10 minutes. What sensor(s) detect(s) the change in partial pressure of O2 in these athletes? Choose ONE.
peripheral chemoreceptors
3 multiple choice options
What will happen to the bicarbonate buffering reaction if levels of carbon dioxide in the blood increase? Choose ONE.
Shift to the right, producing more H+
3 multiple choice options
What will happen to activity of neurons in the respiratory control center if blood oxygen levels decrease or carbon dioxide levels increase? Choose ONE.
Activity will increase.
2 multiple choice options
How does one calculate the partial pressure of a gas? Choose ONE.
Multiply the total atmospheric (barometric) pressure by the fractional concentration of the gas.
3 multiple choice options