Anatomy and Phis Exam 1

Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4,

Metabolism

Sum of all chemical reactions

How do we use water in the body?

Body temperature, atmospheric pressure, chemical reactions

Homeostasis

maintaining a constant internal environment

Superior

Toward head end or upper body

Inferior

Away from head or lower body

Anterior

Front of body

Posterior

Back of body

Medial

Toward or at midline of body

Lateral

out to the side

Proximal

Close to attachment point

Distal

Away from attachment point

Positive feedback

Enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus (contractions, Blood clotting)

Negative feedback

Most used, reduces or shuts of stimuli (Body temperature regulation)

5 Main survival needs

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, appropriate atmospheric pressure

Three main types of metabolism

Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange

Sythesis

Reactions involve atoms or molecules combining to form larger more complex molecule (A+B= A)

Decomposition

Involve the breakdown of the molecule into smaller molecules (AB= A+B)

Exchange

Involve both synthesis and decomposition (AB+C= AC + B)

Exogonic

Gives off energy (Cellular respiration)

Endergonic

uses up energy (Growth hormone)

What can effect chemical reactions?

Temperature, Concentration, Particle size

Solutions

Homogenous mixtures, particles even without, Solvent and Solutes (Salt water)

Collids

Larger particles absorb water or liquid (Jello)

Suspensions

Large particles, settle out (Dirt water)

Acids

0-7

Bases

7-14

Buffers

Molecule that keeps the PH the same

What are the four main molecules

Proteins, lipids, Carbohydrates, nucleic acids

Three types of Carbohydrates:

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

Building blocks of carbs, one single sugar

Disaccharides

Two sugars, to large to pass blood stream (sucrose, maltose, lactose)

Polysaccharides

Many sugars

Main types of lipids

Triglycerides, Phospholipids, steroids, Eicosanoids

What is the most important lipid?

Cholesterol

How much of cell mass is protein?

20-30%

What are the classes of nucleic acids?

Deoxyribose acids, Ribonucleic acids

Enzymes

Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts, lower the energy needed to initiate chem reaction

Striated

Striped, voluntary, skeletal

What is nervous tissue made up of?

Neurons and neurological cells

Three types of muscle tissue

Striated, smooth, cardiac

Saturated fatty acids

Linked by one covalent bond, solid at room temp (animal fats, butter)

Unsaturated fatty acids

One or more carbons linked via double bonds, liquid at room temp (plant oils, olive oil) Heathier

Cell theory

1. The cell is the structural unit of life

2. All cells come from preexisting cells

3. All cells make identical cells

4. 200 Different types in human body

Three basic parts of human cells

Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus

Plasma membrane

The flexible outer boundary consists of membrane lipids that form lipid bilayer

Cytoplasm

Intracellular fluid containing organelles

Nucleus

DNA containing control center

Phospholipid bilayer

75% phospholipids, 5% glycolipids, 20% cholesterol

Hydrophillic

Water loving

Hydrophobic

Water hating

Cell junctions

hold together to make tissues

Tight junctions

Picket fences, big molecules out but small things through (kidney)

Desmosomes

Nothing gets through, holds cells together forever (Heart muscles, skin)

Gap Junctions

Communication channels, ions and electrical activity through (Cell Communication)

Passive process

No energy required, Diffusion and filtration, With concentration gradient)

Active process

uses ATP (against concentration gradient)

Simple diffusion

The substance moves through phospholipid bilayer with no transport proteins, hydrophobic (no channel)

Facilitated diffusion

Certain hydrophobic molecules are transported passively down the concentration gradient (Has channel)

What are the three things that effect diffusion?

Temperature, Pressure, Surface area

What are the four main types of tissues in the human body?

Connective, Epithelial, Muscle, Nervous

What makes lipids?

Smooth ER

Anabolic

Building up

Catabolic

Bond breaking

What can affect chemical reactions?

Temp,Particle size, concentration

What are proteins made of?

Amino acids held together by peptide bonds

Types of Vesciluar transport

Endocytosis, Exocytosis,Phagocytosis,Pinocytosis

Endocytosis

Transport into cell (Bigger)

Exocytosis

Out of cell (Smaller)

Phagocytosis

Type of endocytosis that. is referred to as cell eating

Pinocytosis

Type of endocytosis that is referred to as cell drinking or fluid phase

Resting potential

-60 mv - 90mv

Cytosol

Gel-like solution made up of water and soluble molecules

Cillia

Whiplike motile extensions on surfaces of certain cells (eyelash)

Flagella

Are longer extensions that propel the whole cell (whiplike tail)

Microvilli

Fingerlike projections that extend from surface of the cell to increase the surface area

Mode of secretion Merocrine

Most secrete products by exocytosis (Sweat)

Mode of secretion Holocrine

Accumulate products within the rupture (oil)

3 Main elements of tissues

Ground substance, cells, fibers

-blast cells

Immature, build

-cyte cells

mature

Regenuration

Sam type replaces- function is restored

Fibrosis

Connective tissue replaces, function in lost

Level of organization

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

Frontal (Corneal)Plane

Cut into front and back

Sagittal Plane

Cut into left and right

Transverse Plane

Cut into top and bottom

Atomic number

The top number on the periodic table, equals the number of protons and neutrons

Anatomical Postion

Feet slightly apart, body erect, palms facing forward with thumbs away from eachother

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis

Perioxisomes

contain enzymes that catalyze reactions to detoxify chemicals

Rough ER

Ribosomes on the surface, modify proteins

Smooth ER

Lacks ribosomes, many functions including lipid synthesis and detoxifcation reactions

Golgi apparatus

stack of flattened sacs near RER, process, modifies and sorts products within vesicles

Lysosomes

Catalyze reactions that digest particles brought into the cell, old worn-out organelles, and cell itself

Centrioles

organizing centers and important in facilitating the assembly and disassembly of microtubules

Isotonic

Water goes in and out of the cell evenly

Hypotonic

Pull water into the cell, cells can swell and burst

Hypertonic

Pulls water out of the cell. cells can shrivel

Actin filaments

Part of the cytoskeleton located along the plasma membrane and in microvilli that helps maintain the cells shape

Microtubule

Cytoskeletal filament found in cilia and flagella