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Which three health screening programs have increased life expectancy in Australia?
Breast cancer, bowel and cervical
Which condition related to chronic disease and co-morbidity is of extreme concern to the ageing Australian population?
Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease, COPD, Mental health conditions and cancer.
What percentage of older Australians were born overseas?
26%
Explain the concepts of sea-change and tree-change
Older persons who have moved and lived in rural areas for a long time (tree-change), or those who have moved to the coast for retirement (sea-change).
Name five of the most common causes of death in those over the age of 75 years
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Dementia and Alzheimer’s (D&A)
Cardiovascular disease
Lung cancer
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseas
e (COPD)
What is the gap (in years) in life expectancy between Indigenous Australian and non-Indigenous Australian older people?
10.6 years for males.
9.5 years for females.
What was the leading cause of death for Māori and Pacific peoples in 2018?
Cancer
Describe ageism in 50 words:
Ageism is the process of discrimination and stereotyping of older persons because of their age, for example assuming they know less because they are old, or patrinizing behavior towards adults.
What is disengagement theory?
The theory suggests that aging is accompanied by the gradual withdrawal of the individual from society and society from the individual.
What is the purpose of the World Health Organization in relation to older people?
To support older populations to maintain and sustain functional ability, and independence.
Why has healthy ageing emerged?
Health ageing has emerged to address the growing chronic disease burden associated with ageing by promoting wellbeing through developing and maintaining functional ability of older persons
What is healthy ageing?
Healthy ageing is defined as the process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that enabled wellbeing in older age.
State the three biggest drivers of healthcare need in Australia and New Zealand:
A rapidly expanding aged population
Workforce pressures related to the resultant epidemic of chronic disease
Inequities in access to services and health outcomes
State 10 instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs):
1 telephone use
2 cleaning and home maintenance
3 laundry
4 shopping
5 transport and travel
6 food preparation
7 medication management
8 relationships
9 decision making
10 finance management
Describe the consequences for older people of low health literacy:
Low health literacy results in more frequent adverse outcomes and an increased use of health services, including hospital and emergency care.
What are the main ADLs for self care:
Hygiene
Dressing
Toileting
Nutrition (self-feeding)
Mobility
Explain the concept of person-centred care:
A person centred care approach puts the person in the centre with their context, their history, family and individual strengths and weaknesses. It's where the patient plays an active part in their care planning.
State the non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors of dementia:
Non-Modifiable: Older age, Genetics.
Modifiable: Physical inactivity, hypertension, obesity, high cholesterol, diabetes, poor diet, alcohol, mental inactivity, smoking.
Explain, primary, secondary and tertiary health promotion:
Primary prevention is aimed at prevention, lifestyle changes and precautions such as vaccines and increased awareness.
Secondary prevention is aimed at early detection, screenings, and management. This facilitates early diagnosis and alows for treatment.
Tertiary prevention focuses on wellbeing and rehabilitation to manage the effects of the condition, this involves coordinating environmental factors to reduce the burden of symptoms.
State and explain the six stages of the transtheoretical model of health promotion:
PCPAMT
Pre contemplation- no current intention to change
Contemplation- recognizing there is a problem but not yet planning to change
Preparation- coming up with a plan for change
Action- taking real steps to achieve goals
Maintainence- continues to make changes a permanent part of life
Termination- new behavior has become a part of living, so ongoing vigilance may not be needed.
Explain the purpose of behavior change contract and how it can help you make positive change
A behavior contract functions as a promise to yourself, a public declaration of your intentions, an organized plan for change.
A way to identify barriers to change and determine how to overcome them, a list of sources of support, and a reminder of the benefits of sticking to your plan.
Compare and contrast the medical model and public health models of health:
The medical model focuses on the individualor pathophysiology and the diagnosis and treatment of the dieease.
The public health model (ecological) views disease and negative health events as the result of an individuals life choices, both, physical and social.
Explain the nature of SMART Goals
SMART goals are
Specific- with a defined outcome
Measurable- can be objectively observed and measured
Action-oriented- involve specific tasks or actions
Realistic- are likely to be accomplished
Time-oriented- involve the commitment to a specific amount of time.
When analyzing your behavior prior to making a change, which factors must you take into consideration as a part of your plan?
HLFCTPS
How Long Frequent Choices Trigger Peoples Situation
Health habit and patterns: examine your current health habits patterns.
Length of time: How long has the behavior been going on?
Frequency: How frequently does the behavior occur?
Consequences: How serious are the consequences of this behavior both long-term and short-term.
Trigger: What kind of situations trigger this behavior?
Persistence: Why have you continued this problematic behavior?
Social influences: Are other people involved? How do they influence your behavior?
What are the recommendations for physical activity for older people?
EMSBSB
Everyday Move Slowly But Strongly and Balanced
1. E - Everyday: Engage in physical activity every day regardless of age or condition.
2. M - Moderate: 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity at least 5 days a week.
3. S - Start Easy: Start at an easy level and gradually increase intensity.
4. B - Balance: Undertake balance training to prevent falls at least 3 days a week.
5. S - Strength: Do muscle-strengthening exercises at least 2 days a week.
6. B - Be Vigorous: Continue lifelong vigorous physical activity adapted to capabilities
Describe in detail Millers Functional Consequences Theory:
The experience of both positive and negative functional consequences, the interplay of the determinants of health to the older persons level of function.
Factoring in Age-Related Changes, biological and physiological changes involved in ageing.
Risk Factors: the external conditions that impact an older persons experience of well-being, like environment and social life.
What does CALD Stand for?
Culturally And Linguistically Diverse
Top 5 english speaking countries older adults have migrated from to Australia
Italy
Greece
Germany
Netherlands
China
Why is health promotion important?
Lowers co-morbidities reducing strain on the healthcare system and increases awareness and health literacy for the general public.
What is frailty?
Frailty is a condition in older adults characterized by reduced strength, endurance, and physiological function, making them vulnerable to external stressors and adverse health outcomes
What is the purpose of good documentation?
Clear communication among healthcare providers
Ensuring continuity of care
Serving as a legal record of care provided
Supporting quality improvement efforts
Tracking patients conditions for change or decline
What are nurses in Western Australia bound by law to follow regarding documentation?
Health Practitioner Regulation National Law (WA) Act 2010: Failure to document can result in disciplinary actions, eg, suspension of license.
& NMBA STANDARDS - accurate, timely and reflectiveness documentation.
I Can Never Really Get My Gold Elephant Some Peanuts
ICNRGMGESP
Integumentary - skin
Cardiovascular
Neurological
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal
Musculoskeletal
Genitourinary
Endocrine
Sensory
Pyschosocial
What does the term "neurocognitive disorders" mean?
Neurocognitive disorders are conditions that cause a significant decline in one or more areas of cognitive functioning such as memory, language, executive function or attention. This includes dementia, delirium, and mild cognitive impairment.
What is the difference between delirium, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia?
Delirium: typically acute and reversible, it is characterized by a sudden severe confusion or change in thinking, usually triggered by illness or medications.
MCI: Mild cognitive impairment that is greater than expected for a persons age but not severe, with a slight decline in memory or thinking that doesn’t majorly affect daily life.
Dementia: A chronic or progressive syndrome that affects memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, calculation, learning capacity, language, and judgment, which interferes with daily activities.
Which of the neurocognitive disorders is considered a medical emergency?
Delirium is considered a medical emergency because it can indicate underlying severe illness or complications and often requires immediate medical intervention to address the root cause.
What are the four sub-types of delirium and which is most common?
Hyperactive Delirium: Characterized by increased psychomotor activity, restlessness, agitation, and rapid speech.
Hypoactive Delirium: Characterized by reduced psychomotor activity, lethargy, and drowsiness.
Mixed Delirium: Alternating between hyperactive and hypoactive states.
Hypoactive delirium is the most common and often under-recognized subtype.
What environmental and clinical strategies can be used to both prevent the onset of delirium and alleviate symptoms?
Environmental Strategies: Ensure a quiet and well-lit environment, use clocks and calendars for orientation, and encourage mobility and engagement in activities.
Clinical Strategies: Regularly assess and manage pain, provide hydration and nutrition, maintain a regular sleep-wake cycle, and ensure appropriate use of medications with monitoring of side effects.
What are the four types of dementia and which is most common?
Alzheimer’s Disease: The most common type, characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline.
Vascular Dementia: Due to impaired blood flow to the brain, often following strokes.
Lewy Body Dementia: Characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies in the brain, leading to cognitive decline and movement issues.
Frontotemporal Dementia: Affects the frontal and temporal lobes, leading to changes in personality, behavior, and language. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia.
Explain the differences between the biomedical model of dementia and the experiential model of dementia:
Biomedical Model: Focuses on the biological and physiological aspects of dementia, emphasizing diagnosis, pathology, and medical interventions.
Experiential Model: Emphasizes the subjective experiences of individuals with dementia, their emotions, and their need for supportive care and meaningful engagement.
What is meant by ‘responsive behaviours’ in the care of people with dementia?
Responsive behaviors refer to actions, words, or gestures by individuals with dementia that are responses to unmet needs, stress, or discomfort. These behaviors are seen as expressions of communication and can include agitation, aggression, wandering, or resistance to care.
Explain the use of the PIECES acronym when assessing the unmet needs of a person with dementia:
P: Physical health (considering physical ailments or discomfort)
I: Intellectual and cognitive health (assessing cognitive abilities and impairments)
E: Emotional health (understanding feelings and mood)
C: Capabilities (considering remaining abilities and limitations)
E: Environment (examining how the surroundings may be affecting the person)
S: Social health (considering relationships and social supports) The PIECES framework is used to holistically assess and address unmet needs to provide person-centered care.
What are the seven domains of wellbeing that provide a proactive, strengths-based approach to the care of older people with dementia?
Identity: Ensuring recognition of the individual’s personhood and history.
Connectedness: Maintaining social connections and engagement with others.
Security: Creating a safe and supportive environment.
Autonomy: Supporting decision-making and independence
Meaning: Providing opportunities for purpose and engagement in meaningful activities.
Growth: Enabling opportunities for learning and adaptation.
Joy: Promoting positive emotions and experiences in daily life.
Older people in residential aged care facilities and hospitals who live with dementia and do not speak english well or cannot speak English at all are at risk of:
Social isolation
Loneliness
Unmet care needs
What five skills does the nurse need to adopt to ensure effective cross cultural care?
Smile and be friendly
Make eye contact if appropriate
Listen
Have an awarenesses of any culurral biases that may influence care
Do not allow cultural differences to become the basis for criticism or judgement
4 Gaps in dementia care for CALD People?
Sitgma attached to dementia
Barriers to seeking help
Lack of access to healthcare services
Lower dementia literacy
2 Gaps in end of life care for CALD people?
Cultural and religious beliefs that influence a person's willingjess to access palliative care end of life services.
People from Indigenous & CALD communities may not be familiar with or accept western approaches to palliative care.
How can nurses participate in developing culturally competent health and social care systems?
Nurses need to participate in developing culturally competent health and social care systems.
Demonstrate culturally competent care for older people
Be person centred and engage with their patient in their care planning
Advocate on behalf of the patient for policy and practical developments to promote health ageing
Why are theories important?
They underpin contemporary ageing and allow for new approaches to practice to be developed.
They serve as base of support and guidance for nurses on caring for older persons.
Support of care for older persons are subject to change depending on the theoretical perspective taken.
What is the ageing activity theory?
The idea that participation brings healthy longer life.
What is the continuity theory?
During middle-age and early adult hood the adaption to the “normal” ageing process will be supported by relying on existing processes and resources.
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