functional groups

Alkanes

simple C and H compounds with only sigma (single) bonds
Generally CnH2n+2

Cycloalkanes have CnHn

n = subscript number

in order from 1-10 carbons:
methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane

Alkenes

contain C-C double bonds attached to an alkyl, aryl, or H

Alkynes

contain C-C triple bond attached to alkyl, aryl, or H

Alcohol

contain an -OH group attached to an alkyl (a C)
|
—C—OH
|

Alkyl Halide

contains a halogen bonded to an alkyl
|
—C—X
|

where X is a halogen

Amine

contains an N attached to an alkyl or aryl group
|
—C—N
|

Amide

Contains O,C,N → double bond b/w O—C and Single bond between C—NR2
Attached to an alkyl, aryl, or H

Aldehyde

O—C Double bond and C—H single bonded attached to an alkyl, aryl, or H

Acid: carboxylic and chloride

Carboxylic acid: COOH attached to alkyl or aryl group → looks like acid chloride but replace Cl with -OH

Acid Chloride: COCL attached to alkyl/aryl/H

alkyl groups

substituents derived from alkanes

aryl groups

substituents derived from benzene