Biology AC-HPAT

what is the function of cell organelles

obtaining and using energy, transporting materials, and reproducing

what is the cytoplasm

jelly-like liquid where many chemical reactions take place

what is the cell membrane

surrounds all cells, flexible, contains two layers, allows substances to pass through

what is the nucleus

large sphere inside cells containing genetic information that controls all activities

what is the mitochondria

several in cells, provide energy through cellular respiration

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

interconnecting tubes and pockets that extend from the nucleus to the cell membrane, transport materials like proteins through the cell

what are ribosomes

tiny organelles that act as protein factories to produce many necessary proteins that make up living things; attached to ER or free

what are golgi bodies

stacked membrane sacs which collect and process materials to be removed from the cell, including mucus in the intestine

what are vacuoles

single membrane sac which ontains a fluidl storage of materials, susbtance removal

what organelles are only found in animals

lysosomes

what are lysosomes

vacuoles filled with digestive enzymes which break down food and recyle substances

what organelles are only found in plant cells

cell wall, chloreoplasts

what are cell walls

rigid outer layer that provides structure and support

what are chloroplasts

carry out photosynthesis, contain chlorophils

what organelles are only found in some cells

flagella/cillia

what is the flagella/cillia

Provides movement, hair like structure

What is the function of the cell membrane

transport raw materials into the cell. transport products/waste out of the cell, prevent entry from unwanted matter, prevent matter needed to perform cellular functions inside the cell

what is the fluid mosaic model

Fluid (ability of the phospholipids to move) and mosaic (different molecules arranged to make up the membrane)

what are the parts of the cell membrane

phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbs

what are phospholipids

provide the overall strucuture, arranged in two layers, acts as a barrier

What are the two parts of phospholipids

hydrophillic head (phosphate group and polar group), hydrophobic tail (fatty acids)

what are proteins

some transport materials across the membrane, some are enzymes and control chemical reactions, some transmit signals from other cells in the body. Made up of amino acids that are held together by peptide bonds, 4 cals

what are integral membrane proteins

exposed to the environment on both sides of the membrane

what are peripheral membrane proteins

located on the surface of the membrane 

what is cholesterol

allows cells to function in a wide range of temperatures and control fluidity

what are carbohydrates

attach to proteins or phospholipids outside the cell, allows cells to recognize each other

what are lipids

made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (esp hydropgen) they store more energy but harder to get energy out of them. Two types: oils and fats, 9 cals

What are oils and fats 

Called triglycorides, contain three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

What is a saturated acid/fat

Straight triglyceride, can lead to CAD

what is an unsaturated fatty acid/oil

A bent triglyceride

what are steroids

made up of 4 fused carbon rings, all derived of cholesterol, ex: sex hormones

what are waxes

used by animals and plants as waterpoofing agents ex beeswax

what are examples of complete proteins

poulty, fish, meat, dairy

what are examples of incomplete proteins

nuts, grains, beans

what are enzymes

special proteins that speed up chemical reactions

what are antibodies

special proteins that detect foreign invaders

what are nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)

polynuclotides made up of smaller nucleoitide subunits, carry genetic information, found in all living things and viruses

what are nucleotides

consist of phosphate, a sugar, and a base

what are other examples of nucleic acid

ATP and NAD/GDP/NAPD

what is the lock in key model in enzymes

each enzyme is unique to fit its dubstrate at the active site

what are denatured enzymes

lose their specific 3RD shape, lose their functiobality, substrate no longer fits

what are denatured enzymes caused by

v hot temperature, strong acids (low pH), strong bases (high pH)

what is enzyme competitive inhibition 

something blocks the active site at the enzyme preventing the substrate from binding

what is non competitive enzyme inhibition

something binds to the enzyme changing the shape of the active site

what are the types of passive transport

simple diffusion, fascilitated diffusion, osmosis

what is simple diffusion

movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low concentration; doesnt require energy, allows for the passage of CO2, water, oxygen

what is it valled when simple diffusion ends

dynamic equilibrium

what is fascilitated diffusion

cell membranes of carrier proteins help large charged moledcules get through

what is osmosis

net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

what is an isotonic solution

equal solute concentration - no osmosis

what is a hypertonic solution

high oncentration of solute, water moves out

what is a hypotonic solution

low concntration of solute, water moves in

what is hemolysis

bursting of RBCs - too much water can be fatal

what is crenation

shrinking of RBCs - can be fatal

what is active transport

movement of substances through a membrane against the concentration gradient

what is the sodium-potassium pump

A type of active transport which allows nerves and muscle cells to function, requires energy to move sodium out and potassium in

what is bulk transport

moves large quantities of materials across membrane

what is endocytosis

brings materials in, phagocytosis and pinocytosis

what is phagocytosis

cell eating, presence of pseudopods, cell plasma membrane engulfs a drop of extracellular fluid

what is pinocytosis

cell drinking

what is exocytosis

take materials out, material is enclosed in a secretory vesicle fused witht he membrane and spills out

what is cell respiration

conversion of energy (Oxygen + Glucose - CO2 + H20+E

what is aerobic cellular respiration

Used oxygen, follows aerobic pathways, both plants and animals use it

what is glycolysis

breaks down glucose, requires energy, involves the splitting of glucose into pyruvate, controlled by enzymes in the cytoplasm

what is oxidative respiration

uses pyruvate to produce energy rather than glucose, requires oxygen, 2 pyruvate become 28 ATP, in the mitochondria, very efficient

what are the two types of oxydative respiration

kreb cycle and electron transport chain

what is anaerobic cellular respiration

process of creating ATP without oxygen like fermentation

what are the two types of anaerobic cellular respiration

alcoholic fermentation, lactic acid fermentation

what is alcoholic fermentation

glycolosis, then two pyruvate molecules are converted to ethanol and CO2, used by yeast to create ATP

what is lactic acid fermentation

Glycolosis, then two pyruvate molecules are converted to two lactic acid molecules, takes place in human muscles, used by microorganisms to create ATP

what are techniques of microbiology

specimen collection, inoculation/incubation, inspection

what is specimen collection

samples taken to collect micro organisms, souces could include food, water, soil, blood

what is inoculation

introducing microbes to nutrient rich materials

what is incubation

providing the right environment for microbes to grow

what is inspction

Analyzing the physical properties of microbes after theyre grown

what are prokaryotes

smaller and simpler cells, dont have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

what are eukaryotes

cells have a nucleus, organelles are contained in a membrane

what is taxonomy

the study of classifying animals

what are the reasons for classifying animals

show evolutionary relationships, accurately and unformly name organisms, prevents duplicated names

How do you write thr two word naming system to classify animals

italized, genus is capitalized, species is in lower case (Homo sapiens)

what are the six different kingdowns

archae, bacteria, protista, fungi, plants, animals

what is phylum

organisms are sorted based on more specific characteristics

what is class

organisms ae sorted based on more specific characteristics (Mammalia, maxillopoda…)

what is family 

Can be devided into subfamilies, often names after a common member

what is genus

forms the first part of the nomenclature name

what is order

most specific catergiation of our taxonomic system

what is the order of classification from broad to specific

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

what are the two kingdowms in which bacteria can be classified into

archaebacteria, eubacteria

what are the similarities between bacteria

All are unicellular (some form colonoies), all are prokaryotic, genetic material floats freely in the form of a DNA loop, cells reproduce asexually, only thrive in moist environments

what are archaebacteria

live under extreme condiotions that other organisms could not, many live without oxygen

what is eubacteria

most studied is E coli, found in feces

how can eubacteria be classified

shape, configuration, respiration,  nutrition

what shape can eubacteria be 

spherical, rod shaped, spiral

what configuration can eubacteria be 

pairs, cluster colonoes, chains

what respirations can eubacteria be 

aerobic (tuverculosis) and anaerobic (gangrene, tetanus, botulism)

what nutrition can ebacteria be 

autotrophs (make their own food), photosynthtic (convert CO2 and water into carbs and energy, heterotrophs (obtain their nutrients from other organisms, possibly dead)

what is asexual reproduction

making identical offspring from one parent cell

what are the two types of asexual reproduction

binary fission, conjuction

what is binary fission

type of asexual respdouction in prokaryptes that involves a cell splitting into two seperate identical cells

explain the process of binary fission

1) parent cells grow bigger and dna is copied
2) protein band forms around the center cell
3) septum forms, divided each parent cell into twp seperate components
4) Now have two daughter cells, some stay attached some seperate fully