Sublimation

Sublimation

limited to compounds that can sublime

without decomposition.

decomposition

Sublimation is limited to compounds that can sublime

without _.

Sublimation

It cannot be used if impurities also sublime or if the

compound melts before subliming.

melts

Sublimation cannot be used if impurities also sublime or if the

compound _ before subliming.

Sublimation

Not suitable for large-scale purification or non-

volatile solids.

large-scale purification or non-

volatile solids

Sublimation is not suitable for _ 2.

Sublimation

Requires a significant temperature difference

between the compound and its impurities.

compound and its impurities

Sublimation Requires a significant temperature difference

between the _ 2.

1. Capillary tube method using a Melting Point

   Apparatus

2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

3. Thiele tube method

4. Digital melting point devices

Other Sublimation Methods 4

Capillary tube method using a Melting Point

Apparatus

(standard method).

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

a modern, precise thermal analysis technique.

Thiele tube method

uses an oil bath and a

capillary tube.

Digital melting point devices

automated and

faster than manual techniques.

Oil

_ as main medium for sublimation

Oil

provides a uniform and controlled heat source.

Oil

It has a high boiling point, allowing heating without

rapid evaporation.

Oil

Prevents localized overheating or burning of the

compound.

Oil

Ensures smooth sublimation by maintaining

consistent temperature.

Successful sublimation

_ is indicated by a direct phase transition

from solid to gas and back to solid without passing through the

liquid phase.

direct phase transition

Successful sublimation is indicated by a_

from solid to gas and back to solid without passing through the

liquid phase.

solid to gas

Successful sublimation is indicated by a direct phase transition

from ? to ? and back to solid without passing through the

liquid phase.

solid

Successful sublimation is indicated by a direct phase transition

from solid to gas and back to _ without passing through the

liquid phase.

liquid phase

Successful sublimation is indicated by a direct phase transition

from solid to gas and back to solid without passing through the

_.

disappears

This is typically observed in the laboratory when

the compound visibly _ from the heat source

(sublimes) and reappears as purified crystals on a cooler

surface, such as the underside of a watch glass or the inside of

an inverted funnel.

heat source

(sublimes)

This is typically observed in the laboratory when

the compound visibly disappears from the _ and reappears as purified crystals on a cooler

surface, such as the underside of a watch glass or the inside of

an inverted funnel.

purified crystals

This is typically observed in the laboratory when

the compound visibly disappears from the heat source

(sublimes) and reappears as _ on a cooler

surface, such as the underside of a watch glass or the inside of

an inverted funnel.

watch glass; inverted funnel

This is typically observed in the laboratory when

the compound visibly disappears from the heat source

(sublimes) and reappears as purified crystals on a cooler

surface, such as the underside of a ? or the inside of

an _.

Successful Sublimation

This is typically observed in the laboratory when

the compound visibly disappears from the heat source

(sublimes) and reappears as purified crystals on a cooler

surface, such as the underside of a watch glass or the inside of

an inverted funnel.

Successful Sublimation

The new crystals often have a shinier, more

uniform appearance compared to the original sample, and they

are located physically separate from the original impure

mixture.

new crystals

The _ often have a shinier, more

uniform appearance compared to the original sample, and they

are located physically separate from the original impure

mixture.

separate

The new crystals often have a shinier, more

uniform appearance compared to the original sample, and they

are located physically _ from the original impure

mixture.

Successful Sublimation

The appearance of pure crystals, absence of liquid

residue, and visible separation from the impurities all serve as

confirmation that sublimation has occurred.

pure crystals, absence of liquid

residue, and visible separation from the impurities

The appearance of _ 3 all serve as

confirmation that sublimation has occurred.

sublimation

The appearance of pure crystals, absence of liquid

residue, and visible separation from the impurities all serve as

confirmation that _ has occurred.

Sublimation

Nature of _ as a Physical and Purification

Process

Sublimation

qualifies as a physical change because it involves

a change in the physical state (solid → gas → solid) without

altering the compound’s chemical structure or composition.

physical state

Sublimation qualifies as a physical change because it involves

a change in the _ (solid → gas → solid) without

altering the compound’s chemical structure or composition.

solid → gas → solid

Sublimation qualifies as a physical change because it involves

a change in the physical state (_ 3) without

altering the compound’s chemical structure or composition.

chemical structure or composition

Sublimation qualifies as a physical change because it involves

a change in the physical state (solid → gas → solid) without

altering the compound’s _ 2.

Sublimation

This is unlike chemical changes, which involve bond breaking

and formation.

sublimation

As a purification technique, _ takes

advantage of differences in volatility between the desired

compound and its impurities.

volatility

As a purification technique, sublimation takes

advantage of differences in _ between the desired

compound and its impurities.

desired compound and its impurities

As a purification technique, sublimation takes

advantage of differences in volatility between the _ 2.

vapor pressure

Only compounds with sufficient

_ at heating temperatures will sublime, while

non-volatile impurities are left behind in the residue.

heating temperatures

Only compounds with sufficient

vapor pressure at _ will sublime, while

non-volatile impurities are left behind in the residue.

sublime

Only compounds with sufficient

vapor pressure at heating temperatures will _, while

non-volatile impurities are left behind in the residue.

non-volatile impurities

Only compounds with sufficient

vapor pressure at heating temperatures will sublime, while _ are left behind in the residue.

residue

Only compounds with sufficient

vapor pressure at heating temperatures will sublime, while

non-volatile impurities are left behind in the _.

selective phase change

This _ enables the isolation of a pure

compound without solvents or chemical reactions, making it a

clean and efficient purification method.

pure

compound

This selective phase change enables the isolation of a _ without solvents or chemical reactions, making it a

clean and efficient purification method.

solvents or chemical reactions

This selective phase change enables the isolation of a pure

compound without _ 2, making it a

clean and efficient purification method.

clean and efficient

This selective phase change enables the isolation of a pure

compound without solvents or chemical reactions, making it a

_ 2 purification method.

purification

This selective phase change enables the isolation of a pure

compound without solvents or chemical reactions, making it a

clean and efficient _ method.