Key dates, Key events, and additional important information Y10 Social studies Milestone 1

An organization of all the countries in the world, formed to promote peace and human rights for all.

United Nations

1945

Year the UN was formed

Issued by the UN in 1948, outlining fundamental human rights.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The forced enslavement and transportation of millions of Africans to the Americas by European traders from the 16th to 19th centuries.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Tobacco, Coffee, Cotton, Sugar, and Labor.

Main goods traded for Africans during the slave trade

Most slaves worked in the southern states, such as Texas.

Where did most slaves work in the US?

Harvesting crops such as Cotton and working on Tobacco plantations.

Labor performed by most slaves

The conflict between northern states wanting to abolish slavery and southern states wanting to keep it.

American Civil War

Between 1861-1865.

When did the American Civil War happen?

The Union, or the Northern states.

Who won the American Civil War?

1863, by Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation.

Year slaves were set free

An order by President Abraham Lincoln declaring that enslaved people in the Confederate states were free.

Emancipation Proclamation

Southern states passed laws favoring whites, known as Jim Crow laws.

Racial laws post-emancipation

A hate group that performed violent attacks against African Americans, founded in 1865.

Ku Klux Klan

Rights to equal pay, freedom of speech, access to normal education, and the right to vote.

Rights denied to African Americans in the 1950s

The separation of people based on race, ethnicity, gender, or other differences, often enforced by laws.

Segregation

Alabama governor George Wallace, known for saying 'segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever'.

Historical figure associated with segregation

Protesting using words and non-violent means.

Passive resistance

A protest that desegregated buses in Montgomery after Rosa Parks was jailed for refusing to give up her seat.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr.

Prominent figures during the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Birmingham was known as the most racist and segregated city and a stronghold of the KKK.

Why MLK chose Birmingham for desegregation

Police attacked, harassed, and used water hoses on passive resisting protestors.

Police action during the Birmingham campaign

Nickname for Birmingham due to frequent bombings initiated by the KKK.

'Bombingham'

Yes, although many protestors died, the campaign successfully desegregated Birmingham.

Was the Birmingham campaign successful?

About 1,000 protestors were detained.

Number of protesters arrested during Birmingham campaign

Kennedy said, 'The Civil Rights Movement should thank God for Bull Connor. He's helped it as much as Abraham Lincoln.'

Kennedy's reaction to Bull Connor in Birmingham

Civil Rights Act (1964) and Voting Rights Act (1965).

Two landmark civil rights bills

The summer of 1964 when activists worked to increase voter registration among African Americans.

Freedom of Summer

Riots in American cities spurred by poor police relations with black communities, leading to unrest.

Race riots of 1964-1969

1968.

Year MLK was assassinated

Sources suggest he was likely killed by a hired assassin.

How MLK was assassinated

A significant figure in Black nationalism and Islam in America.

Malcolm X

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

NAACP

At the Washington march.

Location of MLK's 'I Have a Dream' speech

1963.

When was the Washington March?

A march led by MLK with 250,000 demonstrators advocating for equal jobs and pay.

What was the Washington March?

Supreme Court case ruling that segregated schools violate the constitution.

Brown vs Board significance

The African American student at the center of Brown v. Board of Education.

Linda Brown

The highest court in the U.S., whose orders must be followed by all other courts.

Supreme Court

1957.

Little Rock Nine campaign year

A campaign where nine Black students integrated Central High School in Little Rock, facing resistance.

What was the Little Rock Nine campaign?

A doctrine upheld by Plessy v. Ferguson that supported racial segregation.

Meaning of 'separate but equal'

The process of ending racial segregation and bringing different races together in society.

Integration

1963.

Birmingham Campaign year

Atlantic Slave Trade

The forced transport of Africans to the Americas as part of the transatlantic trade from the 16th to the 19th century.

American Civil War

A conflict fought from 1861 to 1865 between Northern states (Union) and Southern states (Confederacy) over issues including states' rights and slavery.

Emancipation Proclamation

An executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, declaring the freedom of all slaves in Confederate-held territory.

KKK Founded

The Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist hate group, was founded in 1865.

United Nations (UN) Founded

An international organization established in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among countries.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A document adopted by the UN in 1948 proclaiming the inalienable rights of all people.

Brown vs. Board of Education

A landmark Supreme Court case from 1954 that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A civil rights protest in 1955 against racial segregation on public buses in Montgomery, Alabama.

Little Rock Nine

A group of nine African American students enrolled at Little Rock Central High School in 1957, known for confronting segregation.

Washington March

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963, a key event in the civil rights movement.

I Have a Dream Speech

A famous speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. during the Washington March on August 28, 1963, advocating for civil and economic rights.

Birmingham Campaign

A series of nonviolent protests against segregation in Birmingham, Alabama, from April to May 1963.

Civil Rights Bill

Legislation passed in 1964 aimed at ending discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Freedom Summer

A 1964 campaign to increase voter registration among African Americans in Mississippi.

Race Riots

Violent disturbances caused by racial tensions, which occurred in various cities from 1964 to 1969.

Voting Rights Bill

Legislation passed in 1965 aimed at eliminating barriers to voting for African Americans.

MLK Assassination

The assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968, which led to national mourning and unrest.