Sensation & Perception Ch. 3

Proximity

________- the tendency to perceive objects close to each other as being part of the same grouping; physical or geographical nearness.

Contiguity

________- the tendency to perceive 2 things that happen close together in time as being related.

Cones

________- concentrated at center of retina; color, day, and sharpness vision.

Visual accommodation

________- change in lens thickness as focuses on objects.

Wavelength

________- interpreted as frequency or pitch (high, medium, and low)

auditory neurons

Volley principle- frequencies above 100 Hz cause hair cells (________) fire in a volley pattern (taking turns firing)

Blind

________ spot- area in the retina where axons of the retinal ganglion cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve; insensitive to light.

Cochlea

________- snail- shaped structure of inner ear that is filled with fluid; includes basilar membrane.

Auditory canal

________- tunnel from pinna to eardrum.

Brightness

________- determined by wave amp of the wave- higher= ________, lower= dimmer.

recovery of sensitivity

Light adapt- ________ to stimuli in light exposure to darkness.

Perception

________- experiences at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion.

Purity

________- timbre (richness in tone)

noticeable difference

Just ________- smallest amt of diff between a standard stimulus intensity and another stimulus; detectable 50 % of the time.

Eardrum

________- vibrates when struck by sound waves; causes 3 bones to vibrate (hammer, anvil, stirrup)

Habituation

________- brain tendency to stop attending to constant stimulation.

Rods

________- concentrated at ends of retina; non- color sensitivity to low levels of light, night and peripheral vision.

Aqueous humor

________- clear fluid nourishes eye.

Vitreous humor

________- jelly- like fluid.

Saturation

________- color purity; mixing black or gray.

raw data experiences

Sensations- ________ based on activation of receptors in the various sense organs.

Microsaccades

________- tiny constant, unconscious, eye movements; prevents sensory adapt to visual stimuli.

Gustation

________- sense of taste.

Olfaction

________- sense of smell.

cycles of waves

Hertz- ________ per second.

inner ear

Auditory nerve- bundle of axons from hair cells in the ________.

Linear perspective

________- cue in which 2 parallel lines extend into the distance.

Trichromatic theory

________- proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green; based on relative firing rates of the three cones, does not acc for non- color, color blindness, after- images.

Color

________ (hue)- determined by wave length.

detection

Absolute threshold- lowest stim intensity required for ________; 50 % of the time.

Sense adaptations sensory receptors

________ become less responsive to repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

Sensory receptors

________- neurons that transduce physical energy into neural impulses.

colorblindness

Monochrome ________- absence of or dysfunctioning cones.

Similarity

________- the tendency to perceive objects that look similar to each other as being part of the same group.

Gate control theory

________- pain signals must pass through a "gate "in the spinal cord.

photoreceptors visual

3 layers of neurons: ganglion, bipolar, and ________ sense receptors that respond to various light waves.

Place theory

________- different pitches based on stimulations of hair cells in different locations on the organ of corti.

Figure

________- ground- tendency to perceive objects or ________ as existing on a background.

Brightness constancy

________- perceiving brightness of objects as the same even when the light conditions change.

Taste

________ buds- ________ receptor cells in mouth.

Organ of corti

________- contains receptor hair cells for sense of hearing.

/*sensations

raw data experiences based on activation of receptors in the various sense organs

sensory receptors

neurons that transduce physical energy into neural impulses

sense organs

eyes, ears, nose, skin, taste buds

*just noticeable difference

smallest amt of diff between a standard stimulus intensity and another stimulus; detectable 50% of the time

*absolute threshold

lowest stim intensity required for detection; 50% of the time

Vision

can see a flame 30 mi out

microsaccades

tiny constant, unconscious, eye movements; prevents sensory adapt to visual stimuli

brightness

determined by wave amp of the wave-higher=brighter, lower=dimmer

color (hue)

determined by wave length

saturation

color purity; mixing black or gray

cornea

focuses light

aqueous humor

clear fluid nourishes eye

pupil

the hole light courses through

lens

finishes focusing process

visual accommodation

change in lens thickness as focuses on objects

vitreous humor

jelly-like fluid

retina

eye component that contains the visual receptors

3 layers of neurons

ganglion, bipolar, and photoreceptors-visual sense receptors that respond to various light waves

*rods

concentrated at ends of retina; non-color sensitivity to low levels of light, night and peripheral vision

*cones

concentrated at center of retina; color, day, and sharpness vision

blind spot

area in the retina where axons of the retinal ganglion cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve; insensitive to light

dark adaptation

recovery of sensitivity to stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights

light adapt

recovery of sensitivity to stimuli in light exposure to darkness

monochrome colorblindness

absence of or dysfunctioning cones

red/green colorblindness

not working

wavelength

interpreted as frequency or pitch (high, medium, and low)

amplitude

interpreted as volume (soft or loud)

purity

timbre (richness in tone)

hertz

cycles of waves per second

auditory canal

tunnel from pinna to eardrum

eardrum

vibrates when struck by sound waves; causes 3 bones to vibrate (hammer, anvil, stirrup)

*cochlea

snail-shaped structure of inner ear that is filled with fluid; includes basilar membrane

organ of corti

contains receptor hair cells for sense of hearing

auditory nerve

bundle of axons from hair cells in the inner ear

pitch

corresponds to sound waves frequency; high frequencies=higher pitches

place theory

different pitches based on stimulations of hair cells in different locations on the organ of corti

frequency theory

pitch is related to vibration speed in basilar membrane (100 Hz and lower)

volley principle

frequencies above 100 Hz cause hair cells (auditory neurons) fire in a volley pattern (taking turns firing)

*nerve-hearing impairment

can result from either

taste buds

taste receptor cells in mouth

gustation

sense of taste

5 basic tastes

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, brothy

olfaction

sense of smell

olfactory bulbs

brain areas receive information from olfactory receptor cells (1,000+)

gate-control theory

pain signals must pass through a "gate" in the spinal cord

* perception

experiences at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion

*size constancy

same size regardless of distance

*shape constancy

interpreting shape being constant regardless when its shape changes on the retina

brightness constancy

perceiving brightness of objects as the same even when the light conditions change

figure-ground

tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background

*reversable figures

visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed

similarity

the tendency to perceive objects that look similar to each other as being part of the same group

*proximity

the tendency to perceive objects close to each other as being part of the same grouping; physical or geographical nearness

closure

tendency to complete figures that are incomplete

continuity

the tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern

contiguity

the tendency to perceive 2 things that happen close together in time as being related

*linear perspective

cue in which 2 parallel lines extend into the distance

motion parallax

close objects move by more quickly than objects farther away