Biology 1 SOL review

Thurs. May 2.

1.A Steps to the Scientific Method

1. Make a (1) /research to determine what problems you want to address

   a (2) is a conclusion you draw after you make observations and can be tested with a hypothesis

2. Develop a (3): Based on research from sources like scientific journals, encyclopedias, and state and local agencies

3. Conduct a controlled (4): testing the hypothesis and collecting data/observations

4. Interpret and analyze (5): using tables and (6)

5. Draw (7)

1. Observation

2. Inference

3. Hypothesis

4. Experiment

5. Data

6. Graphs

7. Conclusions

1.A Steps to the Scientific Method

• Where are the best places to locate current findings on the newest technologies

Scientific journals

1.A Steps to the Scientific Method

• Where are a good place to find info. on extinct species or historical theories

Encylopedias

1.A Steps to the Scientific Method

• What can help with local policies or local reasearch

State or Local Agencys

1.A Steps to the Scientific Method

• The IV is where on a graph?

X-Axis

1.A Steps to the Scientific Method

• The DV is where on a graph?

Y-Axis

1.B Designing an Experiment

• _________ - educated guess, usually in a “IF…., THEN” form

Hypothesis

1.B Designing an Experiment

• _______ - Factors measured in the experiment

Variables

1.B Designing an Experiment

• ________ - Variable you change on purpose…. “I change”

Independent Variable

1.B Designing an Experiment

• ____ - Changes based off IV

Dependent Variable

1.B Designing an Experiment

• __________ - Baseline measurement you compare your data to

Control

1.B Designing an Experiment

• ________ - Things purposely kept the same

Constant

1.B Designing an Experiment

• ____ - Structured way to test a hypothesis

Experiment

1.C Scientific Method Scenario

• Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers at the nuclear power

  plant. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (in this

  case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Each group consists of workers that are the

  same age and have shown to typically work at the same speed. Group A is given the special

  juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the special juice. Each group is give an hour

  and after the hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. Group A

  made 1,587 stacks and Group B made 2,113 stacks.

What is his hypothesis

If you give special juice to workers, then they’ll be more productive

1.C Scientific Method Scenario

• Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers at the nuclear power

  plant. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (in this

  case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Each group consists of workers that are the

  same age and have shown to typically work at the same speed. Group A is given the special

  juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the special juice. Each group is give an hour

  and after the hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. Group A

  made 1,587 stacks and Group B made 2,113 stacks.

What is the IV

Special Juice

1.C Scientific Method Scenario

• Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers at the nuclear power

  plant. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (in this

  case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Each group consists of workers that are the

  same age and have shown to typically work at the same speed. Group A is given the special

  juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the special juice. Each group is give an hour

  and after the hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. Group A

  made 1,587 stacks and Group B made 2,113 stacks.

What is the DV

Productivity time

1.C Scientific Method Scenario

• Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers at the nuclear power

  plant. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (in this

  case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Each group consists of workers that are the

  same age and have shown to typically work at the same speed. Group A is given the special

  juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the special juice. Each group is give an hour

  and after the hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. Group A

  made 1,587 stacks and Group B made 2,113 stacks.

Name 3 Constants

Same people in the groups, Age, and Time

1.C Scientific Method Scenario

• Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers at the nuclear power

  plant. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (in this

  case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Each group consists of workers that are the

  same age and have shown to typically work at the same speed. Group A is given the special

  juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the special juice. Each group is give an hour

  and after the hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. Group A

  made 1,587 stacks and Group B made 2,113 stacks.

What is the control

Group B

1.C Scientific Method Scenario

• Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers at the nuclear power

  plant. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (in this

  case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Each group consists of workers that are the

  same age and have shown to typically work at the same speed. Group A is given the special

  juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the special juice. Each group is give an hour

  and after the hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. Group A

  made 1,587 stacks and Group B made 2,113 stacks.

How many repeated trials

1

1.C Scientific Method Scenario

• Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers at the nuclear power

  plant. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (in this

  case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Each group consists of workers that are the

  same age and have shown to typically work at the same speed. Group A is given the special

  juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the special juice. Each group is give an hour

  and after the hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. Group A

  made 1,587 stacks and Group B made 2,113 stacks.

What conclusion can smithers make about the special juice?

the special juice decreases productivity time

1.D Observation, Inference or prediction

1. Gathering information by using your sense of smell, sight, touch, sound, and tasr

Observation

1.D Observation, Inference or prediction

2. An explanation for an observation based on previous experiences &

   knowledge

Inference

1.D Observation, Inference or prediction

The use of knowledge to identify and explain observation in advance

predection

1.E Hypothesis, Law, or Theory

A hypothesis that has been supported with repeated testing and explains ‘why’ the events occurred- can be changed when new evidence is discovered

theory

1.E Hypothesis, Law, or Theory

An educated guess based on observations- can be disproven or supported

hypothesis

1.E Hypothesis, Law, or Theory

A statement that is always true and is typically represented with a mathematical equation- does not explain ‘why’ the observations occurred

law

1.2 Scientific tools and Characteristics of Living Things

1. What is this?

2. Function

3. What does is measure in the metric system

4. Unit of measurement in metric system

1. Balance/Scale

2. and 3. Mass

   4. Grams (g)

1.2 Scientific tools and Characteristics of Living Things

1. What is this?

2. Function

3. What does is measure in the metric system

4. Unit of measurement in metric system

1. Graduated cylinder

2. accurate tool for measuring precise amounts of liquids

3. volume

4. liters (L)

1.2 Scientific tools and Characteristics of Living Things

1. What is this?

2. Function

3. What does is measure in the metric system

4. Unit of measurement in metric system

1. Thermometer

2. and 3. Measures temp

   4. celcius (c

1.2 Scientific tools and Characteristics of Living Things

1. What is this?

2. Function

3. What does is measure in the metric system

4. Unit of measurement in metric system

1. Ruler

2. and 3. measures length

   4. meter (m)

1.2 Scientific tools and Characteristics of Living Things

1. What is this?

2. Function

3. What does is measure in the metric system

4. Unit of measurement in metric system

1. Beaker

2. less accurate tools for measuring liquids

3. volume

4. liter (L)

1.2 Scientific tools and Characteristics of Living Things

1. What is this?

2. Function

3. What does is measure in the metric system

4. Unit of measurement in metric system

1. Flask

2. less accurate tool for measuring liquids

3. volume

4. liter (L)

1.2 Scientific tools and Characteristics of Living Things

1. What is this?

2. Function

1. Microscope

2. used to examine organisms

1.2 Scientific tools and Characteristics of Living Things

1. What is this?

2. Function

1. Petri dish

2. used to culture bacteria and micro-organisms

1.2 Scientific tools and Characteristics of Living Things

1. What is this?

2. Function

1. Microscope slide

2. used to prepare specimens to view in a microscope

2.B Scientific tools and Characteristics of Living Things

Data that deals with descriptions and the data can be observed but not measured

Qualitative

2.B Scientific tools and Characteristics of Living Things
Data that deals with numbers and the data can be measured on a standard scale, such as length or mass

Quantitative

2.D Characteristics of Living Things
smallest unit of life

cells

2.D Characteristics of Living Things
get and use energy in order to carry out life functions

metablolism

2.D Characteristics of Living Things
either asexually or sexually

reproduce

2.D Characteristics of Living Things
maintain a constant internal enviorment

homeostasis

2.D Characteristics of Living Things
pass on traits to offspring

hereditary

2.D Characteristics of Living Things
populations of organisms change over time

evolution

2.E Levels of Organization

basic unit of matter

atom

2.E Levels of Organization

compounds made of atoms

molecule

2.E Levels of Organization

smallest unit of life

cell

2.E Levels of Organization

a group of cells that carry out a similar function

tissue

2.E Levels of Organization

a group of tissues that carry out a specialized function in the body

organ

2.E Levels of Organization

a group of organs that work together to perform body functions

organ system

2.E Levels of Organization

a single living thing

organism

2.E Levels of Organization

a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area and can be interbred

population

2.E Levels of Organization

a group of different species that live in the same habitat and interact with one another

community

2.E Levels of Organization

a community of organisms and their non-living environment

ecosystem

2.E Levels of Organization

all of the world and it’s atmosphere that supprts life

biosphere

3.A Chemistry, Water, and Macromolecules

a. Water molecules have an unevenly distributed charge, this means that the molecule is (1). The (2) atom has a slight (3) charge and the two (4) atoms have a slight (5) charge

1. Polar

2. Oxygen

3. Negative

4. Hydrogen

5. Positive

3.A Chemistry, Water, and Macromolecules
c. (1) is the attraction between the positive end of one water molecule and the negative end of another water molecule.

1. Surface Tension

3.A Chemistry, Water, and Macromolecules
d. Many of the unique properties of water are caused by (1) bonding, in which the (2) oxygen atom of one water molecule is attracted to the (3) hydrogen atom of another water molecule

~ (4) is the movement of water up thin tubes, due to (5) which means that water molecules can ‘stick’ to other substances.

~ The property that helps bugs stand on water is called (6), in which water molecules ‘stick’ to themselves.

~ Water expands when it freezes which makes ice (7).

~ Water has a (8) which means it takes a lot of energy to raise or lower its temperature. This is important because it helps organisms maintain (9) by keeping a constant (10)

1. Hydrogen

2. Negative

3. Positive

4. Capillary Action

5. Adhesion

6. Cohesion

7. Float

8. High Heat Capacity

9. Homeostasis

10. Body Temp

3.A Chemistry, Water, and Macromolecules
e. Because water is a polar molecule, it is called the universal (1) which means that it can dissolve many substances.

1. Solevent

3.A Chemistry, Water, and Macromolecules
f. Two thirds of the mass of a cell is made of (1), therefore much of your entire body is made of water.

1. Water

3.A Chemistry, Water, and Macromolecules
g. The pH scale is from 0-14. A substance with a low pH is (1) and has a pH range from 0-(2). A substance with a high pH is (3) and has a pH range from 8-(4). A neutral substance has a pH of (5). A buffer is a substance that maintains a constant pH even if acids or bases are added to it- buffers help organisms maintain (6)

1. Acidic

2. 6

3. Basic

4. 14

5. 7

6. Homeostasis

3.C Organic Compounds

There are (1) (number) different organic compounds. All organic molecules contain the element (2)(C) but may also include the elements (3) (H), (4) (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P) & sulfur (S)

1. 4

2. Carbon

3. Hydrogen

4. Nitrogen

3.C Organic Compounds
1. Carbohydrates- made of C, H and O in a ratio of 2 H : 1 O

- Monomer: (1), such as glucose

- Function: (2) storage

- Examples: (3), such as starch and

(4), such as sucrose & lactose

1. Monosaccharide

2. Short Term Energy

3. Polysaccharides

4. Disaccharides

3.C Organic Compounds

2. Lipids- made of carbon, hydrogen and (1)

- Monomer: (2)

- Function: (3) energy storage, makes up the (4) and used as (5) such as whale blubber and human fat to keep these animals warm

- Examples: saturated fats, such as (6), unsaturated fats, such as (7) and (8), which is used for water proofing plants & animals

1. Oxygen

2. Fatty Acid

3. Long Term

4. Cell-Membrane

5. Insulation

6. Lard

7. Oils

8. Wax

3.C Organic Compounds

3. Proteins- made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and (1)

- Monomer: (2) linked together by (3) bonds

- Function & Examples: Makes up the structure of the body and cell, such as hair and nails, transports materials inside the body and cell, such as hemoglobin, causes movement in the body and the cell, such as muscle fibers, provides defense against invaders in the body, such as antibodies, and regulates what happens inside the cells, such as enzymes

1. Nitrogen

2. Amino Acid

3. Peptide

3.C Organic Compounds

4. Nucleic Acids- Lipids- made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and (1)

- Monomer: (2)

- Function: Stores (3) and directs the synthesis of (4)

- Examples: (5) and (6)

1. Phosphorus

2. Nucleotide

3. Genetic Information

4. Proteins

5. DNA

6. RNA

3.D Enzymes

1. Enzyme are a special group of proteins that are called catalysts since they (1) chemical reactions. They will (2) in extreme pH or temperatures and no longer work

1. Speed Up

2. Denature

3.D Enzymes

Properties of Enzyme:

1. They are never used up in a reaction and can be (1)

again

2. They bond with only one type of (2)

3. They bond with the substrate at the (3)

1. Used

2. Substrate

3. Active Sight

4.A The parts of cell theory

1. Cells are the (1) of life

2. All cells came from (2) cells

3. All organisms are made of (3) cell or more

1. Smallest Units

2. Pre-existing

3. One

4.B Development of the Cell Theory

1. (1) - First to observe living microorganisms through a microscope

2. (2) - Observed cork and termed the phrase ‘cells’

3. (3), (4), (5) - Studied plant and animal cells and concluded that all cells come from preexisting cells

4. The cell theory was accelerated by the invention of the (6) which allowed scientists to view a cell up-close

5. The organelles of a cell can be studied even more closely with the invention of the (7) which also allowed scientists to study the structure of viruses

1. Von Leeewenhoek

2. Hooke

3. Schleiden

4. Schwann

5. Virchow

6. Schwann light microscope

7. electron microscope

4.C Types of Cells

1. have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles,

   includes Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

Eukaryote

4.C Types of Cells

1. do not have membrane-bound organelles, includes the kingdom Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Prokaryote

4.C Types of Cells

1. contains DNA and have ribosomes to synthesize proteins

Both

4.D The Fluid Mosaic Model and Movement through the Cell Membrane

1. The cell membrane is composed of (1),(2),(3)

1. Phospholipids

2. Proteins

3. Carbohydrates

4.D The Fluid Mosaic Model and Movement through the Cell Membrane

2. . The Fluid Mosaic Model describes the (1)

1. Cell Membrane

4.D The Fluid Mosaic Model and Movement through the Cell Membrane
3. Passive transport does not require (1) and molecules move from (2) to (3) concentrations.

1. Energy

2. High

3. Low

4.D The Fluid Mosaic Model and Movement through the Cell Membrane

4. Examples of molecules that would use diffusion are (2) and (3) which are dissolved in H₂O

1. Oxygen

2. Carbon Dioxide

4.D The Fluid Mosaic Model and Movement through the Cell Membrane

5. (1) is when carrier proteins help large molecules across the membrane without using energy

1. Facilitated diffusion

4.D The Fluid Mosaic Model and Movement through the Cell Membrane

6. (1) is a type of diffusion involving only the movement of water molecules

1. Osmosis

4.D The Fluid Mosaic Model and Movement through the Cell Membrane

7. The type of transport that requires energy is (1) active transport and molecules move from (2) concentration

1. Active Transport

2. Low to High

4.D The Fluid Mosaic Model and Movement through the Cell Membrane

8. Cell transport that moves large quantities of molecules in and out of the cell is called (1)

1. Bulk transport

4.D The Fluid Mosaic Model and Movement through the Cell Membrane

9. Bulk transport that moves molecules into the cell is called (1) . Large solid particles move into the cell thru (2), and liquids move into the cell thru (3)

1. Endocytosis

2. Phagocytosis

3. Pinocytosis

4.D The Fluid Mosaic Model and Movement through the Cell Membrane

10. Bulk transport that moves substances out of the cell is called (1)

1. Exocytosis

4.D The Fluid Mosaic Model and Movement through the Cell Membrane

11. Molecules are transported across the cell membrane by carrier (1)

1. Proteins

4.E Cell Environments

In a (1) solution, water (2) the cell and causes it to burst.

1. Hypotonic

2. Enter

4.E Cell Environments
In a (1) solution, water (2) the cell and cause it to shrivel.

1. Hypertonic

2. Leaves

4.E Cell Environments

In an (1) solution, water (2) and (3) the cell at the same rate.

1. Isotonic

2. Enters

3. Leaves

4.E Cell Environments
In a hypotonic solution, a plant cell will not lyse due to its (1)

1. Cell Wall

4.E Cell Environments
Hypotonic, Hypertonic, or Isotonic?

Hypotonic

4.E Cell Environments
Hypotonic, Hypertonic, or Isotonic?

Hypertonic

4.E Cell Environments
Hypotonic, Hypertonic, or Isotonic?

Isotonic

4.F Cellular Organelles

a. ?

b. ?

c. ?

d. ?

e. ?

f. ?

g. ?

h. ?

a. Golgi body, site where cell products are packaged for export

b. Cytoplasm, contains all of the organelles and site of many chemical reactions

c. Ribosome, the site of protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

d. Mitochondria, site of cellular respiration

e. Nucleolus, small organelle in the nucleus that makes ribosomes

f. Endoplasm Reticulum, transport materials throughout the cell

g. Lysosome, contains digestive enzymes to break down old cell parts and molecules

h. Cell Membrane, Maintains homeostasis in a cell since it controls what enters and leaves the cell and sense the cell’s environment

4.F Cellular Organelles
i. ?

j. ?

k. ?

l. ?

m. ?

i. Chloroplast, site of photosynthesis

j. Cell Wall, made of cellulose (plants) or chitin (fungi) and provides additional support to the cell

k. Nucleus, contains DNA in the form of chromosomes and where RNA is made

l. Endoplasm Reticulum, transport materials throughout the cell

m. Vacuole, storage for the cell and is large in plant cells and small in animal cells- includes water, waste or toxins

4.F Cellular Organelles

13. (1) - made of proteins and provides internal structure for the cell

14. (2) - organizes spindle fibers in animal cells

15. (3) - numerous in heart muscle cells because of need for energy

16. (4) - numerous in cells that produces large quantities of proteins

17. (5) - a tail made of proteins and allows the cell to move from one location to another

18. (6) - tiny hairs made of proteins that allows the cell to move from location to location

1. cytoskeleton

2. centrioles

3. mitochondria

4. ribosomes

5. flagella

6. cilla

5.A The Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen Cycle

(1) use organelles called (2) in their leaves to collect (3) energy.

1. Autotrophs

2. Chloroplasts

3. Light

5.A The Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen Cycle

(1) occurs so plants can make (2) to use for energy

1. Photosynthesis

2. Glucose

5.A The Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen Cycle

photosynthesis converts (1) energy into (2) energy.

1. Light

2. Chemical

5.A The Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen Cycle

photosynthesis uses (1), (2) & (3) energy to form (4) & (5).

1. Carbon Dioxide

2. Water

3. Sunlight

4. Glucose

5. Oxygen

5.A The Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen Cycle

animals can not make their own food therefore they are called (1)

1. Heterotrophs

5.A The Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen Cycle

all organisms use organelles called (1) to perform a process called (2) which breaks down food molecules to produce ATP for energy.

1. Mitochondria

2. Respiration

5.A The Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen Cycle

respiration uses (1) and (2) to produce (3) (4) and (5)

1. Glucose

2. Oxygen

3. Carbon dioxide

4. Water

5. ATP