📘 QUIZLET DECK 3 — FINAL SATURATION

What is the definition of health according to the WHO?

A state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease.

Why is life expectancy increasing historically?

Improvements in medicine, sanitation, and living conditions.

Why did industrial revolution living conditions reduce health?

Overcrowding, pollution, and poor sanitation.

What is the economic cost of UK healthcare (approximate)?

Approximately £317 billion annually.

Why is obesity a public health concern?

It increases NHS costs and reduces productivity.

Why is health psychology economically important?

It aims to reduce preventable illness.

What are health behaviours?

Actions that influence health status.

Which behaviours predict health status?

Exercise, sleep, smoking, alcohol use, diet.

What type of study was the Alameda County Study?

Longitudinal.

Why was the Alameda study important?

It linked lifestyle patterns to mortality.

Why was the TPB not originally designed as a behaviour change model?

It was designed to predict behaviour, not change it.

What type of evidence supports the TPB?

Primarily correlational.

What does perceived behavioural control represent?

Belief about ability to perform a behaviour.

Which TPB component is strongest predictor of behaviour change?

Perceived behavioural control.

What does behavioural control allow?

Behaviour without intention.

What does the Behaviour Change Wheel integrate?

Nineteen behaviour change frameworks.

Why is COM-B considered minimal?

It includes only necessary conditions for behaviour.

What is psychological capability?

Mental skills and knowledge.

What is physical capability?

Physical ability to perform behaviour.

What is reflective motivation?

Conscious planning and evaluation.

What is automatic motivation?

Habits and emotional responses.

Why is personality considered relatively stable?

It shows consistency across time and situations.

Why are personality traits dimensional?

They exist on a continuum.

Why is personality measurement culturally biased?

Most tools were developed in Western contexts.

Why does social desirability bias occur?

People want to present themselves favourably.

Why is self-report the only direct measure of personality?

Traits are internal experiences.

What is interpersonal relatedness?

A culturally specific personality trait.

Which cultures emphasise harmony traits?

Chinese and some African cultures.

What is cross-cultural generalisability?

Findings appearing across cultures.

What does Allik and McCrae conclude about Big Five?

Broadly replicable with cultural nuances.

What does HEXACO add beyond Big Five?

Honesty–Humility.

What is collectivist culture?

A culture prioritising group goals.

What is individualist culture?

A culture prioritising personal autonomy.

Why may collectivist cultures reject individual health messaging?

It conflicts with shared decision-making norms.

What is cultural stigma?

Social disapproval associated with behaviour.

Why can openness fail to predict app use?

Cultural stigma may override personality.

What was the aim of Alqahtani et al. (2022)?

Identify persuasive features for different personalities.

What methods were used by Alqahtani et al.?

Focus groups and large-scale surveys.

What persuasive features were examined?

Reminders, relaxation, social support.

Why is tailoring persuasive technology important?

Different traits respond to different strategies.

What is cultural insensitivity in research?

Ignoring cultural differences.

Why is inclusivity important in psychology?

Ensures ethical and valid conclusions.

What is bias in research design?

Systematic favouring of certain groups.

What is censorship in psychology?

Suppression of controversial findings.

What is social reality?

Reality constructed through social interaction.

Why is social psychology political?

It influences how society understands power.

What is legitimacy in hierarchy?

Belief that inequality is deserved.

What are status symbols?

Material cues indicating social rank.

Why do hierarchies persist?

They become normalised.

What is institutional support?

Support from authorities enabling change.

Why is contact hypothesis more effective with support?

It reduces intergroup anxiety.

What is empowerment?

Giving voice and control to marginalised groups.

What is self-determination theory?

Motivation driven by autonomy, competence, relatedness.

Who proposed self-determination theory?

Ryan and Deci.

Why does empowerment reduce inequality?

It increases agency.

What is perspective taking?

Understanding others’ viewpoints.

Why does perspective taking reduce prejudice?

It increases empathy.

What is social learning?

Learning through observing others.

Why are role models important?

They normalise equitable behaviour.

What is masculinity–femininity in Hofstede’s model?

Preference for competition vs care.

What is power distance?

Acceptance of inequality.

What is uncertainty avoidance?

Tolerance of ambiguity.

What is long-term orientation?

Focus on future rewards.

What is restraint vs indulgence?

Social control of desires.

What is implicit bias training?

Reducing unconscious prejudice.

Why can implicit bias training fail?

Attitudes may not translate to behaviour.

What is depersonalisation in groups?

Loss of individual identity.

Why does depersonalisation increase conformity?

Group norms dominate behaviour.

What is social facilitation?

Improved performance in presence of others.

What is social inhibition?

Reduced performance on complex tasks.

Why does aggression decrease in modern societies?

Improved law enforcement and norms.

Why may aggression appear higher in media?

Selective reporting.

What is symbolic aggression?

Verbal or indirect harm.

Why is aggression definition species-specific?

It applies only within same species.

What is instrumental aggression?

Aggression used as a means to a goal.

What is hostile aggression?

Aggression driven by anger.

Why is aggression multi-determined?

It has biological, social, and cognitive causes.

What is kin selection?

Helping genetically related individuals.

What is inclusive fitness?

Survival of shared genes.

What is cost–reward model?

Evaluating benefits vs costs of helping.

What is audience effect?

Influence of others on helping decisions.

What is social norm activation?

Norms triggered by context.

Why are volunteers socially valuable?

They sustain communities.

What predicts sustained volunteering?

Internalised values.

Why is martyrdom psychologically complex?

It involves identity and meaning.

What is waist-to-hip ratio associated with?

Female fertility cues.

Why is symmetry preferred evolutionarily?

It signals developmental stability.

What are pheromones?

Chemical signals influencing attraction.

Why are pheromone effects controversial?

Evidence is mixed.

Why is facial maturity attractive?

It signals dominance or dependence.

What is familiarity-attraction effect?

Liking increases with exposure.

What is attitude similarity effect?

Shared beliefs increase attraction.

Why does similarity increase attraction?

It validates worldview.

What is emotional contagion?

Sharing emotional states.

Why do shared experiences bond people?

They increase perceived similarity.

What is mental representation overlap?

Integration of self and partner identity.