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Branch of biological sciences that deals with the form and structure of the body and its parts.

Anatomy

Study of the different structures of a developing embryo and the development of organs in the uterus.

Physiology

Study of the microscopic structures of the different organs of a living organism.

Histology

Study of how clinical cases are influenced by anatomy or abnormalities in anatomy.

Applied and Clinical Anatomy

Study of the different structures of a developing embryo and the development of organs in the uterus.

Embryology

Study of bone and the skeletal system.

Osteology

Study of joints or articulations, and ligaments.

Arthrology/Syndesmology

Study of muscles.

Myology

Study of the nervous system.

Neurology

First animal to be domesticated by man, with different breeds serving different purposes.

Dog (Canis familiaris)

Miacid as the common ancestor of animals belonging to the order Carnivora.

Evolution of Dog

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Taxonomic Classification of the Dog

System of naming living organisms proposed by Carl Linnaeus.

Binomial Nomenclature

Support and rigidity, locomotion and leverage, protection, storage, site for hematopoiesis.

Functions of Bones

Organic and inorganic composition, importance of organic and inorganic matrix.

Physical properties of bones

Process by which bone is formed, including intramembranous and endochondral ossification.

Ossification

Cells responsible for laying down new bone.

Osteoblasts

Cells that destroy or remodel bone.

Osteoclasts

Formation of bone in tissue other than the skeleton.

Heteroplastic

Process by which flat bones of the skull are formed.

Intramembranous Ossification

Dense, hard outer shell of a bone.

Compact Bone

Delicate, intercrossing plates forming a meshwork with spaces containing marrow.

Cancellated/Spongy Bone

Yellow and red bone marrow, their locations and functions.

Bone Marrow

Periosteum, endosteum, mucoperiosteum.

Bone Layers

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, pneumatic bones, splanchnic/heterotrophic bones.

Types of Bones

Small bones embedded in a tendon; has resemblance to sesame seeds.

Sesamoid Bones

The central skeleton of an animal, including the vertebral column, skull, and ribs.

Axial Skeleton

The series of bones that make up the backbone, consisting of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae.

Vertebral Column

The bony structure that forms the head, including the cranium and facial bones.

Skull

A group of bones and cartilages in the throat that suspend the larynx and tongue from the skull.

Hyoid Apparatus

A skull shape characterized by a long and narrow head, such as in Greyhounds and Whippets.

Dolichocephalic

A skull shape considered to be the "normal" or average shape of a dog's skull.

Mesaticephalic

A skull shape characterized by a rounded cranium and a short nose, such as in Bulldogs and Pugs.

Brachycephalic

Bones that form the boundaries of the nasal cavity, bony orbit, and the roof and lateral walls of the oral cavity.

Facial Bones

A facial bone located in the rostromedial aspect of the orbit, articulating with the frontal bone, maxilla, palatine bone, zygomatic bone, and ethmoid bone.

Lacrimal Bone

Long and flat bones that form part of the nasal septum and articulate with the frontal bone, maxilla, and incisive bone.

Nasal Bone

A large bone of the face that forms the upper jaw and articulates with the incisive bone, frontal bone, and other facial bones.

Maxilla

A bone that forms the ventral part of the bony orbit and the zygomatic arch, articulating with the maxilla, lacrimal bone, and temporal bone.

Zygomatic Bone

A bone that bears the upper incisors and articulates with the maxilla, vomer, and nasal bone.

Incisive (Premaxilla)

A bone that forms the caudal part of the hard palate and has a palatine canal for the passage of blood vessels and nerves.

Palatine Bone

A small four-sided bone that articulates with the medial surface of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and has a hook-like process for muscle attachment.

Pterygoid Bone

A curved shelf of bone attached to the ethmoidal crest on the inner wall of the nasal bone.

Dorsal Nasal Concha

Bony scrolls attached to the conchal crest on the medial wall of the maxilla.

Ventral Nasal Conchae

The lower jaw bone, consisting of two halves (dentaries) joined together at the chin by the mandibular symphysis.

Mandible

A single bone that forms the caudoventral part of the nasal septum and articulates with other facial bones.

Vomer

A group of bones and cartilages in the throat that suspend the larynx and tongue from the skull.

Hyoid Apparatus

The caudal part of the skull that provides the bony "case" in which the brain sits.

Cranium

Bones that come in pairs, such as the frontal and temporal bones.

Paired bones

A bone that lies between the nasal bones and maxilla rostrally and the parietal bones caudally. It forms the rostral part of the cavity and is a pneumatic bone with a frontal sinus.

Frontal bone

A bone that contributes to the formation of the lower lateral wall and part of the ventral wall of the cranial cavity. It is composed of the squamous part, petrous part, and tympanic part.

Temporal bone

A bone that forms the major part of the roof and lateral walls of the cranial cavity. It joins the frontal bones rostrally and the occipital bones caudally.

Parietal bone

A small bone wedged in between the two parietal bones. It fuses with the occipital bone and bears the caudal part of the sagittal crest.

Interparietal bone

A bone that consists of three parts:supraoccipital (squamous), exoccipital (condylar), and basioccipital. It forms the nuchal crest and the external occipital protuberance.

Occipital bone

A canal that passes through the ventral part of the occipital bone and provides passage for the hypoglossal nerve.

Hypoglossal canal

A bone formed of two parts:rostral presphenoid and caudal basisphenoid. It forms the rostral base of the cranium and has various canals for nerves and blood vessels.

Sphenoid bone

A bone hidden between the cranial and facial parts of the skull. It consists of the median perpendicular plate, cribriform plate, and ethmoidal labyrinth.

Ethmoid bone

Irregular unpaired bones located at the dorsal midline of the body. They are divided into five regions:cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal.

Vertebrae

The first cervical vertebra that does not have a body or a spinous process. It consists of two large wing-like lateral masses joined by a ventral and dorsal arch.

Atlas (C1)

The second cervical vertebra that has an elongated, blade-like spinous process and a projection of bone called the dens or odontoid process.

Axis (C2)

Vertebrae with tall spinous processes, short bodies, and transverse processes. They articulate with the ribs.

Thoracic vertebrae

Vertebrae of the lower back or loin region characterized by large, flat or platelike transverse processes and lack of costal facets.

Lumbar vertebrae

Vertebrae whose bodies are fused to form the sacrum. They have a median sacral crest and wings that articulate with the hip bone.

Sacral vertebrae

Vertebrae that become progressively smaller and simpler throughout the series. The last few caudal vertebrae are reduced to little rods of bone.

Caudal vertebrae

The bony cavity formed by the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and bodies of thoracic vertebrae. It supports and protects the organs of the thoracic cavity.

Thorax

Flat bones that form the walls of the bony thoracic cage. They articulate with the thoracic vertebrae and have a bony dorsal part and a cartilaginous ventral part.

Ribs

Ribs that articulate with the sternum by means of costal cartilage.

True ribs

Ribs that have no direct attachment to the sternum and are fused to form the costal arch.

False ribs

The last rib that has no cartilage and no connection to the sternum.

Floating rib

The part of the rib that connects to the costal fovea of the thoracic vertebra.

Head of the rib

The part of the rib that connects the head to the body or shaft of the rib.

Neck of the rib

A small prominence on the rib, located laterally to the head.

Tubercle

The bone that forms the ventrum (floor) of the bony thorax, provides attachment to the costal cartilages of the rib, and serves as the bony origin of the pectoral muscles.

Sternum

The first segment of the sternum, which is longer than the other sternebrae.

Manubrium

The middle portion (segments 2-7) of the sternum.

Body

The last segment of the sternum, which is wide and flat and holds the xiphoid cartilage.

Xiphoid process

A flat, triangular-shaped bone of the shoulder.

Scapula (Shoulder Blade)

The long projection that divides the scapula's lateral surface.

Spine of the Scapula

The expanded portion of the scapula's spine found on its distal end.

Acromion

The cranial area to the spine of the scapula, providing attachment for the supraspinatus muscle.

Supraspinous fossa

The caudal part to the spine of the scapula, providing muscle attachment to the infraspinatus muscle.

Infraspinous fossa

The costal or medial surface of the scapula, providing muscle attachment for the subscapular muscle.

Subscapular fossa

A shallow cavity on the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint.

Glenoid Cavity

The cartilage located in the dorsal border of the scapula.

Scapular Cartilage

The bone of the foreleg that articulates with the scapula and forms part of the elbow joint.

Humerus

A rounded process that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

Head of the Humerus

The sulcus between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus, through which the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle runs.

Intertubicular (Bicipital) Groove

A process located craniolateral to the head of the humerus, serving as an attachment for many muscles.

Greater (Lateral) Tubercle

A process found on the medial side of the head of the humerus.

Lesser (Medial) Tubercle

The cylindrical part of the humerus that connects to the two epiphysis.

Shaft or Body

A tuberosity found on the diaphysis of the humerus.

Deltoid Tuberosity

The entire distal extremity of the humerus, including two articular areas (humeral capitulum and humeral trochlea), two fossae, and the lateral and medial epicondyles.

Humeral condyle

Bony projections found on the distal part of the humerus, with the lateral epicondyle giving rise to the extensors of the forearm and the medial epicondyle providing attachment for the flexor muscles of the forearm.

Epicondyles

A caudal depression on the humerus that receives the proximal end of the ulna on extension of the elbow.

Olecranon Fossa

A depression opposite the olecranon fossa on the humerus, receiving the proximal end of the radius on flexion of the elbow.

Radial Fossa

A hole between the olecranon and radial fossae on the humerus.

Supratrocheal Foramen

The bone of the forearm that articulates with the humerus, ulna, carpals, and proximal carpal bones.

Radius

The proximal end of the radius that articulates with the humerus and ulna.

Head of the Radius

The distal part of the radius that articulates with the proximal carpal bones.

Carpal Articular Process

The bone of the forearm that articulates with the humerus, radius, and proximal carpal bones.

Ulna

The proximal part of the ulna that provides a lever for the extensor muscles of the elbow and forms the point of the elbow.

Olecranon