unti 6

Frederick Griffith

Found out that bacteria can pass on traits to each other.

Nucleotide

The small pieces that make up DNA.

Nitrogenous bases

The "letters" in DNA (A, T, G, C).

Purines

Two of the DNA letters: A and G.

DNA Polymerase

A helper that copies DNA.

Base pair rule

A pairs with T, and G pairs with C in DNA.

Oswald Avery

Discovered DNA as transforming principle.

Backbone

The sides of the DNA "ladder."

Watson & Crick

Found the shape of DNA (double helix).

Rosalind Franklin

Used x-ray crystallography to determine DNA shape. (x)

G1 & G2 phases

Times when the cell grows and gets ready to divide.

Semi-conservative replication

Each new DNA strand has one old side and one new side.

Hershey & Chase

Confirmed DNA is the genetic material.

Pyrimidines

Two of the DNA letters: C and T.

Cell cycle

The stages a cell goes through to grow and divide.

Histones

Protein that helps package and organize DNA.

Chargaff

Found that A matches T, and G matches C.

S phase

The stage when DNA is copied.

Cytokinesis

When the cell fully splits into two.

M phase

When the cell divides.

Chromosome

Structures made of DNA; they hold genes.

Chromatin

DNA wrapped around proteins, makes up Chromosomes.

Sister chromatids

Copies of chromosomes ready to split during division.

Steps of mitosis

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase and cytokinesis.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death.

Malignant tumor

A harmful, spreading tumor (cancer).

Benign tumor

A harmless tumor that doesn't spread.

Tumor suppressor genes

Genes that stop cells from growing too much.

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell growth.

Prokaryotes

Cells without a nucleus.

Eukaryotes

Cells with a nucleus.

Binary fission

A simple cell dividing into two identical cells.

Asexual reproduction

Making an exact copy of a single parent.

Sexual reproduction

Combining DNA from two parents to make varied offspring.

Purpose of mitosis

To make 2 identical cells.