Biology I Unit 2: Cells

What are the three tenets of the Cell Theory?

All living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, all cells come from pre-existing cells

What are the organelles found in prokaryotic cells?

Cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membranes, cell wall.

What are the four things prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

DNA

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Cell membrane

Golgi bodies

Eukaryotic;

In animals and plant cells

Modify, sort, and ship proteins

Mitochondria

Eukaryotic

In animal and plant cells

Powerhouse of the cell and creates ATP

Vacuole

Eukaryotic

In animal and plant cells

Handles waste products; takes in products and stores food, water, waster; digest bacteria

Lysosome

Eukaryotic

In animal cells

Breaks down cell parts, destroy viruses, digests bacteria

Centrosome/ Centrioles

Eukaryotic

In animal and plant cells

Creates spindle fibers to aid in cell division (mitosis)

Cell Wall

Eukaryotic

In plant cells

Provides structure, supports, protection for plant cells

Chloroplast

Eukaryotic

In plant cells

Produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen (site of photosynthesis)

Central vacuole

Eukaryotic

In plant cells

store water, regulate turgor pressure

Cell membrane

In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

In animal and plant cells

Maintains homeostasis by controlling what goes in an out of the cell

Cytoplasm

In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

In animal and plant cells

Transport, maintain cell shape and structure

Ribosome

In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

In animal and plant cells

Synthesis and create proteins

Cytoskeleton

In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

In animal and plant cells

Network of protein filaments and tubules in cytoplasm; gives shape

Nucleus

In eukaryotic cells

In animal and plant cells

Stores genetic info/DNA

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

In eukaryotic cells

In animal and plant cells

Folds proteins, does transportation of proteins and sorting

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

In eukaryotic cells

In animal cells and plant cells

Responsible for the synthesis of essential lipids such as phospholipids and membranes

Detoxifies liver

Stores calcium

what organelles are found in only plant cells

Cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole

What organelles are found only in animal cells

Centrosome/centrioles

Lysosome

Be able to label organelles in a cell

How is the cell membrane related to homeostasis?

a cell membrane maintains homeostasis by controlling the movement of substances across the cell membrane

What are the parts of the cell membrane

Phospholipids

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Cholesterol

What are the two main types of transportation

passive and active

What types of molecules can easily pass through the membrane

Small and non polar

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

What are the types of passive transport

Diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

Does passive transport move up or down the concentration gradient

DOWN

What are the types of active transport

Bulk transport (endocytosis and exocytosis)

Protein pumps

What type of transport requires the use of energy?

Active

What type of solution is an isotonic solution? How does it affect the cell?

It means that the amount of solution outside the cell is the same as inside the cell. The cell stays the same (animals)

What is osmosis?

The movement of high to low concentration of water

what type of solution is a hypertonic solution? How does it affect the cell?

Solution outside the cell is more than inside.

It shrinks

What type of solution is a hypotonic solution?? How does it affect the cell?

Solution outside the cell is less than inside the cell.

Water floods into the cell causing the cell to burst (plants)

Is the image isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic?

Isotonic

Is the image isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic?

Hypotonic

Is the image isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic?

Hypertonic

what are the parts of Interphase and what occurs in each step?

G1: Growth and protein synthesis

S: DNA replication

G2: More growth and protein synthesis; prepares for Mitosis

What are the functions of the cell cycle?

To repair and replace damaged cells. Growth (multicellular)

Reproduction (unicellular)

what is the name of asexual reproduction in bacteria?

Binary fission

what is mitosis?

The cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new daughter cells that are identical to the original parent cell?

what are the stages of mitosis in order?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

What happens in Prophase?

Membranes around nucleus disintegrates

Chromosomes condense and become sister chromatids

Centrioles migrate to the opposite poles of the cell

Spindle fibers emerge from the Centrosome/centrioles

What happens in Metaphase?

Sister chromatids move toward the middle of the cell on. A line called the metaphase plate.

Centrioles send out spindle bribers that attach to the centromere of each sister chromatids

What happens in Anaphase?

Centrioles start pulling on the spindle fibers to pull the sister chromatids apart

They are now called chromosome

What happens at Telophase?

The nuclear membrane forms around each sex of chromosomes

What is the difference between cytokinesis in plants and animals?

The area where the cytoplasm punches is known as the cleavage furrow in animals and a cell plate in plants

How is mitosis related to genetic continuity?

Mitosis creases two daughter cell that are identical to the parent cell. Each daughter cell has the exact same genes, thus genetic continuity.

Throughout the cell’s cycle, there are built in _______ that are designed to be a check and balance for the cell. what do these look for?

Checkpoints

Proper cell growth and replication

_______ ________ are proteins that stimulate cell division

Growth factors

Programmed cell death is known as ________.

Apoptosis

What is cancer?

Uncontrolled cell divison

Cancer cells form disorganized clumps called _____

Tumors

what is a carcinogen?

Substances that are known to cause or lead to cancer. It can be environmental or genetic.

Tobacco

Nicotine

Artificial sugars

What is a stem cell?

Cell that lacks specialized function.

what are some real world application of stem cells

You can grow new cell to repair damaged cells

Research how disease occur

Research drugs

what do proteins do in the cell membrane?

transporting molecules into and out of the cell, relaying signals from outside and inside, cell-cell acknowledgment, etc.

what do carbohydrates do in the cell membrane?

identifying cells, and interacting with other cells.

what do the phospholipids to in the cell membrane?

forms a phospholipid bilayer

what do the cholesterol do in the cell membrane?

helps to stabilize the membrane so its not too solid not too fluid. it touches the tails