Psych exam #2

Jet lag

Exhaustion in moving time zones

Prosopagnosia

face blindness

Narcolepsy

a condition in which an awake person suffers from repeated, sudden, and irresistible REM sleep attacks.

Phoneme

Smallest unit of sound

Morpheme

Smallest meaningful unit of language

Syntax

Rules that govern good arrangement of words in phrases or sentences

Representative Heuristic

occurs when we estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to a known situation

EX: because someone is wearing a suit and tie and carrying a brief case, they must be a lawyer.

Psychoactive drugs

chemicals that induce changes in mood, thinking, perception, and behavior by affecting neuronal activity in the brain

Depressants

__***psychoactive***__ drugs that inhibit activity in the central nervous system.

Barbiturates

__***depressants***__ used to induce sleep or anesthesia

Opiates

__***depressants***__, derived from opium, used to relieve pain or to induce a euphoric state of consciousness.

Stimulants

__***psychoactive***__ drugs that increase central nervous system activity.

Caffeine

a __***stimulant***__ used to increase mental alertness (quite common)

Amphetamines

__***stimulants***__ used to maintain alertness and wakefulness.

Nicotine

a __***stimulant***__ used to regulate physical and cognitive arousal.

Entactogens

a new category of __***psychoactive***__ drugs that have effects intermediate to those associated with hallucinogens and stimulants. Ecstasy (X)

Marijuana

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) – the __***psychoactive***__ ingredient of marijuana.

Hallucinogens

__***psychoactive drugs***__ that induce extreme alterations in consciousness, including visual hallucinations, a sense of timelessness, and feelings of depersonalization

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

__***a hallucinogen***__ derived from a fungus that grows on rye grain.

Classical conditioning

a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being associated with a stimulus that already elicits that response.

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that automatically elicits a particular unconditioned response.

Unconditioned response (UCR)

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, automatic response to a particular unconditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned stimulus (CS)

in classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a particular conditioned response after being paired with a particular unconditioned stimulus that already elicits that response.

Conditioned response (CR)

in classical conditioning, that learned response given to a particular conditioned stimulus.

Flashbulb Memory

A vivid, long-lasting memory of a surprising, important, emotionally arousing event.

(When people remember 9-11 perfectly)

Iconic memory

visual sensory memory, which lasts about a second. (Think ICON/IMAGE)

Echoic Memory

auditory sensory memory, which lasts up to 4 or more seconds. (Think ECHO/SOUND)

Maintenance rehearsal (think RAM)

repeating information to oneself to keep it in short term memory. (Saying a phone number until you can find paper and write it down, so you say it 100 times)

Declarative memory

the long-term memory system that contains memories of facts.

(I think its a fun __***fact***__ that i have a __***memory***__ of the __***declaration***__ of independence)

Semantic memory

the subsystem of declarative memory that contains __***general information about the world***__.

Episodic memory

the subsystem of declarative memory that contains memories of personal experiences tied to particular times and places

Implicit memory

recollection of previous experiences demonstrated through behavior rather than through conscious, intentional remembering. (it takes you less time to learn a phone number after you forget it once, the memory is still there you just couldnt retrieve it).

Explicit memory

conscious recollection of general information or personal experiences.

Spreading activation

when one area of memory is retrieved the other, connected, areas are activated or primed.

Smell

(Olfaction) detects molecules in the air

Taste

(gusatation) detects molecules in substances dissolved in saliva.

controlled processing

intentional control of the individual, that the individual is consciously aware of, and that are effortful and constrained by the amount of attentional resources available at the moment.

EX: the first time you drive a car, after you get comfortable and dont have to think about it, it becomes automatic processing meaning you dont think about it.

Very low IQ

IQ below 70 & have problems doing every day tasks

Average IQ

100 “or between 85 and 130” according to google

Intellectual superiority IQ

130

Functional Fixedness

the inability to realize that a problem can be solved by using a familiar object in an unusual way. Maier, 1931 (Think of the fork to hang a picture, or those dumb 5 min life hack videos).

Semantics

the study of how language conveys meaning.

Crystallized intelligence

the form of intelligence that reflects knowledge acquired through schooling and in everyday life.

Fluid intelligence

the form of intelligence that reflects reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of information processing. (largely inherited)

Maslow’s heirarchy of needs

Maslow’s arrangement of needs in the order of their motivational priority, ranging from physiological needs to the needs for self-actualization and transcendence.

(just be able to explain you don’t need to know the level of the needs and each category etc)

Schema theory

the theory that long-term memories are stored as parts of schemas, which are cognitive structures that organize knowledge about events or objects

Latent content

Sigmund Freud’s term for the true, though disguised, meaning of a dream

THE PURPOSE OF DREAMING

Wish fulfillment:

Manifest content – Sigmund Freud’s term for the verbally reported dream. Latent content – Sigmund Freud’s term for the true, though disguised, meaning of a dream

He said we should know all Sigmund Freuds dream theory, this is all of it so i grouped it

Hypermnesia

Hypermnesia – the hypnotic enhancement of recall EX: helping you recall memories of childhood that maybe you repressed.

What is the difference between a nightmare and a night terror?

Nightmare – a frightening dream occurring during __***REM***__ sleep. Night terror – a frightening __***NREM***__ experience, common in childhood, in which the individual may suddenly sit up, let out a bloodcurdling scream, speak incoherently, and quickly fall back asleep, yet usually fail to recall it on awakening.

Instinctive drift

the reversion of animals to behaviors characteristic of their species even when being reinforced for performing other behaviors.

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EX: (found on google) a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment. Under stress, however, it may have instinctual drift, disregarding the learned behavior and barking at the guest.

Behavioral preparedness

the degree to which members of a species are innately prepared to learn particular behaviors.

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EX: How German Shepherds are the best police dogs, and how

thoroughbreds are the best race horse.

Phase Advance

shortening of the sleep-wake cycle as occurs when traveling from __***west to east.***__

WE advance through life (WEST EAST)

Phase Delay

lengthening of the sleep-wake cycle as occurs when traveling from __***east to west.***__

EW delays in life are gross (EAST WEST)

REM sleep

the stage of sleep associated with rapid eye movements, an active brain-wave pattern and vivid dreams.

NREM sleep

the stage of sleep not associated with rapid eye movements and marked by relatively little dreaming.

Long-term memory

the stage of memory that can store a virtually __***unlimited amount***__ of information relatively permanently.

Short-term memory

the stage of memory that can store a few items of __***unrehearsed***__ information for up to about __***20 seconds***__.

Sensory memory

the stage of memory that briefly __***(for at most a few*** ***seconds***__) stores exact replicas of __***sensations.***__

Logical concept

a concept formed by identifying the specific features possessed by all things that the concept applies to.

*know how it is different from natural concept*

EX: have clearly defined rules for determining membership. Schoolchildren, for example, learn that the concept of a triangle applies to any three-sided form or figure. If a figure has three sides, it must be a triangle.

Natural concept

a concept, typically formed through everyday experience, whose members possess some, but not all, of a common set of features.

Representativeness hueristic

in decision making, the assumption that a small sample is representative of its population.

Availability heuristic

in decision making, the tendency to estimate the probability of an event by how easily relevant instances of it come to mind.

Circadian rhythms

twenty-four hour cycles of physiological changes, most notably the sleep-wake cycle.

Amnesia

Amnesia is a general term that describes memory loss. The loss can be temporary or permanent

Sleep apnea

a condition in which a person awakens repeatedly in order to breath

Episodic memory

the subsystem of declarative memory that contains memories of personal experiences tied to particular times and places

Semantic memory

the subsystem of declarative memory that contains general information about the world.

Sensation

the process that detects stimuli from the body or surroundings.

Perception

the process that organizes sensations into meaningful patterns.

Declaraitive memory

used for the long term storage of memory and facts and events. can be broken into 2 types eposodic and semantic

Procedural Memory

The memory system in charge of the encoding, storage, and retrieval of the procedures (rather than episodes) that underlie motor, visuospatial, or cognitive skills.

EX: how to ride a bike or play an instrument