203 CH1: Managerial and Cost Concepts

Direct Cost 直接成本

Cost that can be easily and conveniently traced to a specified cost object, such as direct materials and direct labor.

Indirect Cost 间接成本

Cost that cannot be easily and conveniently traced to a specific cost object, such as manufacturing overhead.

Common Cost 共同成本

A type of indirect cost incurred to support multiple cost objects but cannot be traced to them individually.

Direct Materials 直接材料

Raw materials that become an integral part of the finished product and whose costs can be conveniently traced to it.

Direct Labor 直接劳动力

Labor costs that can be easily traced to individual units of product.

Prime Cost 主要成本

The sum of direct materials and direct labor costs.

Manufacturing Overhead (MOH) 制造费用

All manufacturing costs except direct materials and direct labor, including indirect materials and indirect labor.

Indirect Materials 间接材料

Small raw items of material that are part of a finished product but whose costs cannot be easily traced to it.

Indirect Labor 间接劳动力

Labor costs of workers that cannot be conveniently traced to a particular product.

Conversion Cost 转换成本

The sum of direct labor and manufacturing overhead.

Non-Manufacturing Costs 非制造成本

Costs not associated with manufacturing, including selling, general, and administrative expenses.

Selling Costs 销售成本

Costs incurred to secure customer orders and deliver finished products, which can be direct or indirect.

Administrative Costs 行政费用

Costs associated with the general management of an organization rather than manufacturing or selling.

Product Costs 产品成本

All costs involved in acquiring or making a product, also known as inventoriable costs.

Period Costs 期间成本

All costs that are not product costs, including selling and administrative expenses, expensed in the period incurred.

Cost Behavior 成本行为

How a cost reacts to changes in the level of activity.

Variable Cost 变动成本

Cost that varies in direct proportion to changes in the level of activity.

Fixed Cost 固定成本

Cost that remains constant in total regardless of activity level.

Committed Fixed Costs 承诺固定成本

Organizational investments that cannot be significantly reduced without fundamental changes.

Discretionary Fixed Costs 可自由支配的固定成本

Fixed costs arising from annual management decisions, such as advertising and research.

Relevant Range 相关范围

The range of activity within which the assumption of linear cost behavior is valid.

Mixed Costs 混合成本

Costs that contain both variable and fixed cost elements.

Relevant Costs 相关成本

Costs that should be considered when making decisions.

Differential Costs 差异成本

Future costs that differ between any two alternatives, always relevant.

Opportunity Cost 机会成本

The potential benefit given up when one alternative is selected over another.