1. Empire and the emergence of world powers 1870-1919

Imperialism

A significant force in late 19th-century Europe characterized by the expansion of European nations into overseas territories for economic, political, and social motives.

Economic Motives

The desire for new trading opportunities and raw materials to support industrialization and mass production.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that emphasized government control over trade to increase national wealth through the accumulation of gold and silver.

Long Depression

A period from 1873 to 1896 marked by deflation and overproduction, prompting governments to promote overseas possessions for guaranteed markets.

Nationalism

A political motive for imperial expansion, where nations sought to enhance their power and prestige through overseas territories.

Naval Defence Act (1889)

A British policy aimed at maintaining naval superiority over rival nations by ensuring the British Navy was stronger than the next two largest navies combined.

White Man’s Burden

The belief that it was the duty of European nations to civilize and spread their culture to other parts of the world.

New Imperialism

A wave of imperial expansion from 1871 to 1914 characterized by a focus on Africa and Asia, maintaining peaceful relations, and the emergence of new imperial powers like the USA and Japan.

Treaty of Berlin (1885)

An agreement that established ground rules for European expansion in Africa to prevent conflict among nations.

Medical Advancement

The discovery of Quinine in 1817, which made it possible for Europeans to explore and colonize Africa by combating diseases like Malaria.

Technological Advancement

Innovations from the Industrial Revolution that improved transportation and weaponry, facilitating imperial expansion.

Opposition to Slavery

The movement in the early 19th century against the slave trade, which was seen as contrary to natural justice.

Racial Superiority Theories

Scientific theories developed in the 19th century that claimed white people were superior to other races, justifying imperialism as a civilizing mission.

Scramble for Africa

A period in the late 19th century when European nations rapidly colonized Africa, driven by reduced fears and increased exploration.