CHAPTER 6 (Skeletal System) Appendicular Skeleton (copy)

appendicular skeleton

consists of the bones of the upper limbs, the lower limbs, and the two girdles.

Scapula

shoulder blade

Clavicle

collar bone

Humerus

upper portion of forelimb

Ulna

forearm

Radius

forearm

Carpals

wrist

Metacarpals

Hand

Phalanges

fingers

pelvic girdle

Where lower limbs attach to the body

Pelvis

includes pelvic girdle and coccyx

Ischium

inferior and posterior region of hip bone

Ilium

most superior region of hip bone

Acetabulum

hip socket (joint) of hip bone

Femur

thigh

Patella

knee cap

Tibia

Larger bone of lower leg

Fibula

Smaller bone lower leg

Tarsals

ankle

Metatarsals

foot

Phalanges

toes and fingers

articulations

are where two bones come together.

Fibrous joint

united by fibrous connective tissue; subclasses are sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses

Cartilaginous

united by means of cartilage; subclasses are synchondroses and symphysis

Synovial

joined by a fluid cavity; Most joints of the appendicular skeleton

Synarthrosis

non-movable joint; Example - skull bone articulations

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint; Example - between vertebrae

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint; Example - knee, elbow, and wrist articulations

synovial joint

are surrounded by fluid filled joint cavity. The cavity is created by the joint capsule and is full of synovial fluid.

fibrous capsule and synovial membrane

The joint capsule consists of two layers:

fibrous capsule

is the outer layer of the joint capsule. It consists of dense irregular connective tissue and is continuous with the fibrous layer of the periosteum that covers the bones united at the joint.

synovial membrane

is the inner layer of the joint capsule. It lines the joint cavity, produces synovial fluid, a viscous lubricating liquid.

Decreased Collagen Production Loss of Bone Density Degenerative Changes

Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints