FINAL HISTORY STUDY GUIDE

SPANISH EXPLORATION

• MAIN GOAL

  • acquire wealth

  • spread Catholicism

  • create a land empire

• LOCATION

  • Columbus first lands in the Bahamas

  • Columbus continued to Hispaniola

  • Cortes conquers the Aztecs

• METHOD

  • 2 Vice-royalties: Peru and New Spain

    • Ruled by a Viceroy: King Appointed official 

    • No elected officials

  • Racial Hierarchy:

    • 

• RELATIONSHIP WITH NATIVE PEOPLE

  • Columbus brutally captured and killed natives on Hispaniola after they attacked his men

  • conquistadors —> conquerors who brutally enslaved natives

  • enslaved native americans on encomiendas (large, Spanish owned plantations)

  • missionaries —> those sent to the Americans to forcibly convert natives to Catholicism

FRENCH EXPLORATION

• MAIN GOAL

  • trade intended with Asia —> ended up trading with the natives to acquire wealth

  • spread Catholicism

  • create a land empire

• LOCATION

  • Caribbean

  • While searching for NW Passage, landed in Newfoundland (Canada) via the St. Lawrence River

  • Explorer Robert De Salle explored the Mississippi River 

    • Landed in Louisiana → Founded New Orleans

• METHODS

  • Jesuit Catholic missionaries converted some Huron Indians of the Great Lakes 

  • Intendant: Military governor general appointed by the monarch

    • No representation in government

• RELATIONSHIP WITH NATIVE AMERICANS

  • Traded (beaver) furs for metal tools like arrowheads, axes, knives, etc.

    • Competition → Conflict between Native groups 

  • Adopted some Native cultures and marriages between groups

    • Alliances with Algonquian language speaker nations in the Great Lakes region

  • Fewer immigrants → Claimed less territory → Lessened conflict

ENGLISH EXPLORATION

• MAIN GOAL

  • acquire wealth initially believed gold —> became cash crops

  • spread Christianity and religious freedom

  • create a land empire

• LOCATION

  • Caribbean

  • attempt in Roanoke → failed

  • Jamestown

• METHODS

  • Headright System: VA company granted 50 Acres of land to anyone that a settler paid to bring over 

  • Indentured Servants: 7-10 years of service in exchange for transportation & eventual freedom

  • Representative Government seen in the House of Burgess and Mayflower Compact

• RELATIONSHIP WITH NATIVE PEOPLE

  • Some positive relationships - EX. New England & Thanksgiving

  • Disease killed many Indigenous

  • Conflict arose as more territory was claimed by settlers

DUTCH EXPLORATION

• MAIN GOAL

  • acquire wealth

  • spread Christianity

  • create a land empire

• LOCATION

  • Caribbean

  • Hudson river and in modern day New York

  • Connecticut and New Jersey

• METHODS

  • encouraged emigration with patroonship system

    • stockholders of dutch west India company would receive 50 emigrants to work on their land

      • reflected feudal system in medieval Europe

      • unsuccessful - most who had emigrated worked on their own land

  • second Anglo-dutch war (1664-1667)

    • the dutch ceded all their american colonies to great Britain

• RELATIONSHIP WITH NATIVE PEOPLE

  • purchased land from local Indians

    • leasing vs owning

  • refrained from learning culture and inter-tribal conflict

  • dutch setters disrupt traditional way of life and encroached on ancestral land

THE YEAR 1619

• CREATION OF THE HOUSE OF BURGESS

  • first popularly elected legislature in the american colonies

    • todays virginia general assembly

  • had to obey the king and governor

• SLAVES INTRODUCED TO THE VIRGINIA COLONY

  • mercantilism —> gaining wealth and power by developing countries

  • cash crops

  • english emigration began to decrease

NORTH

• CLIMATE

  • cold winters with short growing seasons

  • small farms for own use

  • rocky soil

    • corns, beans, squash

• ECONOMY

  • depended largely on the ocean

  • efficient in:

    • fishing

    • trapping

    • ship-building

    • logging

    • manufacturing

• GOVERNMENT/RELIGION

  • predominately puritans

    • strict religious lives

  • the clergy devoted to the study of the scripture and the natural science

MIDDLE

• CLIMATE

  • mild climate with warm summers

    • better for farming

    • deep rich soil

    • longer growing season

• ECONOMY

  • fur trading

  • farming

  • fertile soil—> grain. corn, wheat exports (breadbasket of the colonies)

• GOVERNMENT/RELIGION

  • religiously tolerant and diverse

  • welcomed people of all religious background

  • run by authoritarian governors

SOUTH

• CLIMATE

  • fertile soil

  • warm climate, mild winters

  • good for agriculture

    • cash crops

      • tobacco, cotton, indigo, rice

• ECONOMY

  • lots of plantations —> slavery

  • indentured servants

  • lots of cash crops

  • agriculture

• GOVERNMENT/RELIGION

  • not religiously tolerant

  • Catholics

  • slaves

  • debtors/criminals

  • house of Burgess

    • Jamestown - 1st representative government

Sir Walter Raleigh

• English explorer

• tried to create permanent solutions 2x

• tried to establish Roanoke

John Smith

• leading role in establishing Jamestown

• established the first permanent English settlement in north america

John Rolfe

• credited with introducing marketable tobacco to Virginia

• planted the first tobacco seeds

• helped turn Jamestown into a profitable venture

Powhatan

• powerful leader and principal contact for English colonists from 1607-1618

• united dozens of tribes into a single powerful alliance

• led his people through the early years of colonial invasion

• Pocahontas

• Powhatan’s daughter

• encouraged interest in Virginia and the company

• Cash crops/tobacco

• crop that is grown for the purpose of selling

• fueled the transatlantic slave trade

• boosted the economy

• the great awakening

• a religious movement in the north American countries that emphasized individual salvation and high standards of personal mortality

• challenged traditional beliefs and practices

  • new sense of American identity

• Bacon’s rebellion

• 1676

• protests against the governor

  • governor prevented war against Native Americans

  • high taxes benefiting the wealthy

• governor is removed

• taxes reduced

• showed that population will not be ruled by wealth elites

  • individuals can find own salvation

    • challenged authority of the church

• Indentured servitude vs. slavery

someone who chose to immigrate	originally captured native Americans
contract of 5-7 years	forced to migrate against their will kidnapped/sold
freedom were given clothes food small plot of land	hard labor no pay children were also condemned to slavery
not considered property	considered property

• natural rights

• all people are born with them

  • life

  • liberty

  • property

• social contract

• people give the power to the government but can take it away

  • it led to the revolutionaries to break free of Britain

• consent of the governed

• the government’s power is only legitimate when it it determined by those who are being governed

• patriots

• 2/5 of colonists

• wanted a new government based on merit, not inherited privilege

• opposed taxes

• emphasized Locke’s natural rights

• fought the British

• Loyalists

• 1/5 of colonists

• believed that the British government was more legitimate and disliked violent protest

• opposed taxes but wanted to follow the law

• feared destruction/chaos

• fought with the British

• appealed to British natives and slaves

• neutralists

• the people who didn’t choose a side in the war

• remained neutral

• Native Americans

• most native Americans thought colonists were more dangerous than the British

• 6 Iroquois tribes

  • 4/6 fought with the British

  • 2/6 fought with colonists

• enslaved African Americans

• England promises freedom to slaves that fought for the loyalist cause

• most African Americans assigned to non-combat positions

• were initially prohibited from the joining the continental army

  • later allowed due to labor shortages

advantage/disadvantages of both sides

fought for a cause military leader was George Washington knew the land (homefield advantage) support of the french → treaty of alliances guerrilla warfare →made them hard to fight	established military, the government, and the economy they had the best navy in the world at the time
disadvantages	disadvantages
less established military, economy, and government decentralized government few supplies	low public support for the war troops were unfamiliar with the land far away from their native land

• french and Indian war

• caused by increasing hostilities between the french and the Indians at the american frontiers over territory

  • war is expensive → British gets the colonies to pay for the share

  • increases taxes, cracking down on smuggling, end of salutary neglect

  • anger and resentment towards the British

• proclamation of 1763

• prohibited colonists from moving west of the Appalachian mountains

  • increased anger and resentment to the British policy

• Paine’s common sense

• 1776

• pamphlet

• colonies would be better off as an independent country

• circulated throughout the colonies

  • widespread audience

• George Washington

• leader of the continental army

• became the first president of the US

• sugar act

• lowered duty (tax) on foreign molasses (sugar) coming to the colonies

• actually prosecuted smugglers

• stamp act

• march 1765

• required colonists to pay a tax on almost all printed materials

• first direct tax that wasn’t a duty (tax)

• Boston massacre

• march 1770

• colonists insulted stationed British soldiers and threw rocks on them

• soldier shot into the crowd

• 5 colonists killed

• first and second continental congress

• the first continental congress announces the boycott of all British goods

  • fall 1774

• second continental congress agrees to send troops to support New England

  • may 1775

• Boston tea party

• 1773

• colonists are upset with the tea act → dumped tea into the Boston harbor out of protest

• declaration of independence

• written and published on July 4th, 1776

• written primarily by Thomas Jefferson

• explains to the world why the 13th colonies regarded themselves as independent

• battle of Saratoga

• Sept. 19, 1777 → Oct. 7, 1777

• British general john Burgoyne → ambitious plan to capture New York

  • allow the British to cut off northern colonies from southern colonies

• persuaded the french to recognize american independence and provide military support

• battle of Yorktown

• Sept. 28, 1781 → Oct. 19, 1781

• Yorktown, VA

• the american forces under the command of George Washington surrounded the British army

• Cornwallis (leader of the British army) surrendered his army after a siege that lasted 20 days

• last major battle

• articles of capitulation signed

• ordered liberty

• a system of laws and order

• separation of church and state

• government/religious leaders are different

• separation of powers

• different branches of government with different functions

• VA declaration of rights

• George Mason

• 1776

• documents that listed rights that were granted to all men

• inspired the bill of rights

• VA statute for religious freedom

• Thomas Jefferson

• 1786

• document that said the government should not force a certain religion on to its people

• articles of confederation

• constitutional convention in 1777

• original constitution

• established national government

• loosely tied the states together

• US constitution

• James Madison

• 1788

• document that outlines supreme law of the US

• outlines role/function of government

• bill of rights

• James Madison

• 1791

• first 10 amendments to the constitution

• guarantee individual liberties to American citizens

• George Washington

• first president

• creation of the national bank

• whiskey rebellion

• john adams

• XYZ affair

• alien and sedition acts

• Kentucky and VA resolutions

• James madison

• federalists

• wanted to have close relations

• favored strong central government

• seen as an elitist

• Thomas Jefferson

• democratic-republican

• disliked taxes imported during adam’s presidency

• denounced alien and sedition acts

• accessible to the people

• federalists vs anti-federalists

federalists	anti-federalists
believed in strong, central government didn’t think a bill of rights was necessary	believed in a weaker government wanted power to be kept in the states wanted a bill of rights to ensure liberties

• federalist paper

• essays that urged the ratification of the new constitution

• convinced votes to support the constitution

• convinced votes that the articles of confederation needed revisions

• democratic-republicans

• strict interpretation of constitution

• no national bank

• loved the French revolution

• the great compromise

• proved for a bicameral federal legislature that used a dual system of representation

• upper house → equal representation from each side

• lower → proportional representation based on the states population

• the 3/5 compromise

• agreed to hold a national census every 10 years that would be used in determining the apportionment for the following 10 years

  • slaves would count as 3/5 of the population during the census

  • north and south would be both represented

• Louisiana purchase

• 1803

• Jefferson purchased the land from the France

• expands US territory for $15 million

• allowed for later addition of new states

  • seen as an overstep of the government power

• led to Lewis and Clark expeditionIndian removal act

• Indian removal act

• may 1830

• signed by Andrew Jackson

  • native Americans would be required to exchange their territory for land west of the Mississippi

• the trail of tears

• 1838-1839

• movement of Cherokee native Americans to reservations in present-day Oklahoma

• forced to walk the distance between Florida and Oklahoma

• Mexican-american war

• conflict over the Texas-mexico border

  • US wins

    • border reaffirmed at the Rio grande

• southwest boundaries expand

• Monroe doctrine

• part of the annual message to Congress that included a warning to European powers to not interfere in the affairs of the western hemisphere

• manifest destiny

• it is the cultural belief in the US that expansion was inevitable because of their god-given ability to spread liberty and democracy

• federalists

• merchants and businessmen opposed war

• relied on trade with Britain

• anti-federalists

• anti-British feelings grew in the south and west

• demanded war against the British

• wanted more land = push the British from Canada

• wanted to restore national honor after impressment

• British

• occupied Washington DC

• burned the public buildings

• didn’t want Americans to supply food to enemies

• a partial blockade

• Andrew Jackson

• became a hero at the battle of new Orleans

• led his troops through enemy territory to victory

• Missouri compromise

• 1820

• admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state at the same time

• outlawed slavery about 36*30* latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana territory

  • known as the 36th parallel

• Nat Turner’s rebellion

• 1831

• Nat Turner → enslaved laborer and preacher

  • led to the largest slave revolt in South Hampton VA

• the fugitive slave law was put into place

  • required slaves go be returned to their owners even if they were in a free state

• Tariff of 1832

• brought imported taxes back down to 35%

• shrunk English demand for southern raw cotton and increased the final cost of finished goods to American buyers

• nullification crisis

• South Carolina nullified a federal tariff that favored northern manufacturing over southern agriculture

• compromise of 1850

• California enters union as a free state

• strengthened fugitive slave laws

• banned the slave trade in DC

• proto-government for new mexico territory →but could be set up as free or slave once it was ready for statehood

• proto-government for Utah territory → could be slave or free once it was ready for full statehood

• Kansas Nebraska act

• 1854

• repealed the Missouri compromise since both were north of the 36th parallel

• established new territories of Kansas and Nebraska

• said that these states would use popular sovereignty to determine if they would be slave or free

• bleeding Kansas

• 1854 - 1859

• series of violent conflicts in Kansas between pro-slavery and pro-abolition advocates

• pro-slavery advocates rushed from Missouri to Kansas to pretend to be residents

  • wanted to use popular sovereignty to make Kansas a slave state

• violence from both groups ensued for four years

advantages/disadvantages of both sides during the civil war

advantages of the Union	advantages of the confederates
support and population political leadership agriculture and leadership railroads finances navy and blockade	home field advantage motivation military leadership way of life foreign support
leaders of the Union	leaders of the confederates
Abraham Lincoln - 16th president Ulysses S. grant - Union military commander Frederick Douglass - abolitionist	Jefferson Davis - president of the confederates Robert E. lee - confederate general

• fort Sumter

• April 12, 1861

• marked the official beginning of the civil war

• Charleston, South Carolina

• forces from the confederates attacked the Union military Garrison

  • the fort surrendered 2 days later

• Antietam

• Sept. 17, 1862

• one of the major turning points of the war

• showed that the union could stand against the Confederate army

• enabled Lincoln to issue the emancipation proclamation

• emancipation proclamation

• Jan. 1, 1863

• issued by Lincoln

• enslaved people in the southern states would be declared free

• announced the acceptance of African Americans into the union and the navy

• battle of Gettysburg

• July 1-3, 1863

• marked the turning point of the war

• union victory

• brought the war to an end

• one of the bloodiest battles of the war

• Gettysburg address

• Nov. 19, 1863

• Lincoln’s short but powerful speech

• places civil war into the historical context of American fight for freedom

• urges American to devote themselves to the task of preserving freedom for all Americans

• Sherman’s March to the sea

• Nov. 15, 1864 - Dec. 21, 1864

• most destructive campaign against civilian population

• purpose → frighten Georgia’s civilian population to abandon confederate cause

• was a strike to the heart of the confederacy

• Appomattox

• Apr. 9, 1865

• Robert E. lee surrendered his army to Ulysses S. Grant

• brought an end to the civil war

• wounded knee massacre

• dec. 29, 1890

• US soldiers killed hundreds of Lakota men, women, and children in an attempt to suppress a religious movement

• reservations

• an area of land that is reserved for a tribe or tribes under the us government

  • able to better subdue them

• homestead act of 1862

• government encourages farming with free 160 acres if you farm it for 5 years

• Carlisle industrial school

• mission was to remove indigenous children from their families and communities to assimilate them

  • stop the spread of native cultures

• wanted to strip away native identity and culture

• captains of industry

• a business leader whose means of personal fortunes contribute positively to the country in someway

• laissez-faire capitalism

• an economic philosophy that advocates for minimal government interference in the economy

• political machines

• political parties organization that wins voter loyalty and grants power to a small group of leaders often for political gain

• often created loyal bases of immigration by offering housing or jobs

• tenement housing

• housing buildings with multiple units

• run down, low quality, typically many families in a room

  • result of urbanization and immigration

• “new” vs. “old” immigration

1871-1921 people from Eastern/southern Europe & Asia economic opportunities, relief from political and religious persecution less welcomed by native born Americans angel island, SF

1800-1871 predominantly from northern/western Europe (Britain, Ireland, Germany, France, Norway, Sweden economic opportunities/freedom from persecution welcomed/similar cultures Ellis island → NY

• Chinese exclusion act

• congress passed it

  • suspended the immigration of all Chinese laborers for 10 years

  • required every Chinese person entering or leaving the country to carry paperwork

• first law to broadly restrict immigration based on national origin

• Jim crow laws

• federal, state, and local laws that enforced racial segregation

• buck v. bell

• may 2, 1927

• affirmed the constitutionality of Virgina’s law allowing state-enforced sterilization

• social Darwinism

• social economic and political philosophy emerged in late 19th and early 20th century

• principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest should be applied to human societies

• used to justify race and class distinctions

INDUSTRIES AND BUSINESS TYCOONS

• John D. Rockefeller → standard oil

• Andrew Carnegie → Carnegie steel company

• J.P. Morgan → JP Morgan bank

Spanish-american war

• April - Dec 1898

• caused by the atrocities of the Spaniards against the Cuban population

• USS Maine sent to protect the US interests but explodes

• McKinley insisted that Spain give Cuba

• treaty of Paris signed

• represented decline of the Spanish empire and the emergence of the US as an International force

US-Philippine war

• Feb. 4, 1899 - July 2. 1902

• the US government didn’t want any other countries to take over the Philippine islands

• the US gov. also wanted to build an overseas empire

• Spanish colonialism collapsed

• helped establish the US as a power in the Pacific

annexation of hawaii

• hawaii

• the monarchy was overthrown by the resident American businessmen

• Grover Cleveland refused to take over islands until a majority of Hawaiians favored it

• extended US territory into the Pacific

• MAIN causes of WWI

• M → militarism

• A → alliances

• I → imperialism

• N → nationalism

• Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points

• no militarism/secret alliances

• freedom of the seas

• self determination

• league of nations