shs 202: chapter 3 neurology

1. Nerve impulses → muscle contraction → movements → altered cavity shapes → air pressure changes → sound 

Chain of events leading to speech sound production 

exhale

The speaker uses —- air to make a number of sounds that are adapted to the context in which they occur with another 

lungs; jaws, lips, tongue, soft palate; pharynx; vocal tract

Sounds are produced by regulating the airstream as it passes from the — to the atmosphere by moving the ——— and wall of the —— to alter the shape of the ——

1. Central nervous system and peripheral 

1. What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system consist of the brain and the spinal cord?

1. Central nervous system

1. What divisions of the nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord?

1. Peripheral system 

1. Which division of the nervous system consists of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves? 

efferent or motor

1. Neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery are called —- neurons 

afferent or sensory

1. Neurons that curry information from the peripheral sense organs to the CNS are called ——- neurons 

brain and spinal cord

1. The CNS is composed of the ——

thalamus and basal ganglia; pons and medulla oblongata

1. The brain consist and the cerebellum, and the cerebrum. The cerebrum has 2 hemispheres. The higher brainstem consists of the —-. The lower brainstem consist of the ——

dendrites

1. Neural activity approaches the cell body via the

axons

1. Neural impulses leave the cell body by way of the —-

all or none

1. The —— principle of neuron firing means that the neuron will not fire until stimulation reaches its threshold. Below it does not fire. At or above threshold, the axon fires at full capacity 

axon; permeability; increase

1. When excitation from the cell body travels away along the —-, there is an increase in the —- of the membrane that encases the axon or nerve fiber. The —- of permeability of the membrane allows an exchange of ions the depolarizes the nerve fiber for an instant. 

1. Before firing: Potassium (pos)

2. During firing: Sodium (pos)

3. After firing: Potassium (pos)

1. What ions are contained in the cell membrane before, during, and after a nerve cell fires? 

1. 50-80 millivolts 

1. What is the resting potential of the interior of a nerve fiber?

1. The interior of the axon is more positively charged than the exterior 

1. When stimulus reacts to the firing threshold, what is the interior electrical charge of the axon?

1. 1. Diameter 

2. 2. Milination 

1. What 2 things determine the velocity at which a nerve impulse travels?

synapse

1. Where does conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next neuron occur?

nerve

1. What is a bundle of neuron fibers called? 

1. Left hemisphere

1. Which hemisphere controls speech in almost all right handed individuals and most left handed individuals? 

1. Brocas area in left hemisphere 

1. Which area of the frontal lobe controls spoken language (speech production)?

1. Werinkes area in the left hemisphere 

1. Which area of the temporal lobe controls the understanding of speech (speech reception)?

1. It coincides with Brocas area 

2. Which resulted in slurred speech or temporary dysarthria 

1.  What happened when Penfield and Roberts stimulated the anterior area of the lower frontal lobe (Broca’s area)?

1. Interfered with their ability to use language

1. What happened when Penfield and Roberts stimulated a large posterior area of the temporal lobe which? Wernickers area of the parietal lobe. 

1. Is involved in planning of motor speech 

1. What did Lassen and colleagues suggest was the purpose of the supplemental motor area? 

apraxia

what is a motor planning problem 

dysarthria

what is a motor execution problem 

1. 96% of right handed people are left hemisphere dominant for language 

2. 70% of left handed had speech represented on the left side of the brain 

1.  Brenda Milner of McGill University did a study looking at the description of speech and language by cerebral hemisphere when using sodium amobarbital injections. What percentage of right handed people had greeted disruptions for the left hemisphere? What percentage of left handed people had greatest disruptions for the left hemisphere 

1. When you have a word or phoneme reversal 

What is spoonerism?

1. When you plan speech you aren’t planning it by phoneme but by phrases or sentences. That reversals of sounds always involve two consonants or two vowels, the errors are always consistent with the rules of English and most errors involve the first syllable, often the first sound of a word. 

1.  What do these types of phrases suggest about motor speech planning? 

1. An interface between a nervous system and a muscular system

What is a motor unit?

1. Consist of a single motor neuron and striated muscle fibers that the neuron serves

1. What does a motor unit consist of?