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Psychological theories
Expressed that criminal behavior, was the product of “unconscious” forces operating within a person’s mind.
Charles B. Goring (1870-1919)
Defective intelligence rather than physical characteristics was the main factor why a person commits a crime.
Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904)
Theory of imitation, people learn from one another through a process of imitation.
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Psychology
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) human personality is controlled by unconscious mental process developed in early childhood.
Id
Pleasure principle
Superego
Morality principle
Ego
Reality principle
Eros
Present at birth, instinct to preserve and create life., expressed sexually.
Oral Stage
1st year of life, child attains pleasure by sucking and biting.
Anal Stage
2nd to 3rd year of life, elimination of bodily waste.
Phallic Stage
3rd year of life, children focuses their attention on the genitals.
Latency Stage
6th year in life, feelings of sexuality are repressed.
Genital Stage
Begins at puberty stage, marks the beginning of adult sexuality.
Fixated
if the child meet conflict in any of the psychosexual stages of human development.
Psychosexual Stages of Human Development
this theory explains that behavioral problems manifested by a certain individual can be traced back to his early stage of life.
Behavioral theory
Created by John B. Watson (1878-1958) & popularized by Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990). concerned with the study of observable behavior rather than unconscious processes.
Social Learning
Albert S. Bandura (1973), people are not actually born with the ability to act violently but that they learn to be aggressive through their life experiences.
Behavior modeling
Family members
Environmental experiences
Mass media
Cognitive Theory
Branch of psychology that studies the perception of reality and the mental process required to understand the world we live.
Cognitive development theory
Jean William Fritz Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss psychologist, a child’s reasoning processes develop in an orderly manner, from birth onward and it has 4 stages.
Moral Development Theory
Lawrence A. Kohlberg (1927-1987), people who obey the law simply avoid punishment or who have outlooks mainly characterized by self-interest are more likely to commit crimes than those who view the law as something that benefits all of society and who honor the rights of others.
Intergenerational transmission
Socialization and social learning that helps to explain the ways in which children growing up in a violent family learn violent roles and, subsequently, may play out the roles of victim or victimizer in their own adult families as adults.
Intergenerational Transmission Theory
Criminal and antisocial parents tend to have delinquentand antisocial children, as shown in the classical longitudinal surveys by Joan McCord in
Alternative Theory
Assortative mating where female offenders tend to cohabit with or get married to male offenders.
Social Homogamy
Convicted people tend to choose each other as mates because of physical and social proximity.
Phenotypic Assortment
People examine each other’s personality and behavior and choose partners who are similar to themselves.
Differential-association Reinforcement
Ernest W. Burgess (1886-1966) & Ronald L. Akers.
The presence of criminal behavior depends on whether or not it is rewarded or punished
The most meaningful rewards and punishments are those given by groups that are important in an individual’s life.
Theory of Conditioning
Hans J. Eysenck (1916-1997), all human personalities may be seen in three dimensions.
Psychoticism
Aggressive, egocentric, and impulsive
Extroversion
sensation-seeking, dominants, and assertive.
Neuroticism
low self-esteem, excessive anxiety, and wide mood swings.
Cortical arousal
Activation of the cerebral cortex of the brain which is responsible for higher intellectual functioning, information processing, and decision-making.
Integrated Theory
James Q. Wilson (1931-2012) & Richard Julius Herrnstein, predatory street crime by showing how human nature develops from the interplay of psychological, biological, and social factor.
Maternal Deprivation and Attachment Theory
Edward John M. Bowbly (1907-1990), a child needs warmth and affection from his/her mother or a mother substitute. Most important phenomenon to social development takes place after the birth of any mammal and that is the construction of emotional bond between the infant and his mother.
Anxious attachment
Forms when child is separated from their mother, it affects the capacity to be affectionate and to develop intimate relationship with others.
Social structure theories
Suggest that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class areas push many of their residents into criminal behavior patterns.
Social Process theories
Which hold that criminality is a function of individual socialization.
Social disorganization theory
Clifford R. Shaw (1895-1957) & Henry D. Mckay (1899-1980), linked crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics. Crime ridden neighborhoods as those in which residents are trying to leave at the earliest opportunity.
Transitional neighborhoods
neighborhood disintegration and slums.
Concentric Zone Theory
Ernest W. Burgess (1886-1966) & Robert E. Park (1864-1944) , however Clifford R. Shaw and HEnry D. McKay (1930) who noted that distinct ecological area had developed in the city of Chicago compromising a series of 5 concentric circle or zones, and that there were stable and significant differences in interzone crime rates.
Zone 1
Central business district
Zone 2
Zone of transition
Zone 3
Lower income working people
Zone 4
High income residence
Zone 5
Commuter zone
Anomie Theory
David Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) introduced the term “anomie”, derived from the Greek word nomos, means without norms.
Anomic Society
Rules of behavior (norms) have broken down or become inoperative during periods of rapid social change or social crisis such as war or famine.
Mechanical Solidarity
a character from pre-industrial society, which is held together by traditions, shared values. and unquestioned beliefs.
Organic solidarity
Post-industrial system of society in which the place is highly developed and dependent upon the division of labor people are connected by their interdependent needs for each other’s services and production.
Strain theory
Robert K. Merton (1910-2003), goal-means blockage
Social adaptation
Some people have inadequate means of attaining success : other people have the means reject societal goals as being unsuited to them.
Conformity
Acceptance & acceptance
Innovation
Acceptance & rejection
Ritualism
Rejection & acceptance
Retreatism
Reject & rejection
Rebellion
either both ways
Relative deprivation theory
Judith R. Blau & Peter M. Blau (1918-2002), Sharp division between the rich and the poor creates an atmosphere of mistrust.
Constant frustration
Suffered by the deprived individuals because of their economic status that may lead to aggression and hostility and may result to violence and crime.
General Strain Theory
Robert Agnew (1992), criminality is the direct result of negative affective states (anger, frustration, depression, disappointment, etc.)
Cultural Deviance Theory
Combines the effects of social disorganization and strain to explain how people living in deteriorated neighborhoods react to social isolation and economic deprivation.
Delinquent Subculture Theory
delinquent behavior of lower-class youth is actually a protest against the the norms and values of the middle-class U.S. culture.
Status frustration
state where youths are incapable of achieving their legitimate goals in life because of the social conditions that they are into.
Corner boy
role is the most common response to middle-class rejection.
College boy
embraces the cultural and social values of the middle-class.
Delinquent boy
adopts set of norms an principles in direct opposition to middle-class values.
Differential Opportunity Theory
Richard A. Cloward (1926-2001) & Lloyd E. Ohlin (1918-2008), combination of strain and disorganization principles into a portrayal of a gang-sustaining criminal subculture.
Criminal gangs
Stable lower-class areas
Conflict gang
Highly disorganized areas
Retreatist gang
double failures because they are unable to gain success through legitimate means and unwilling to do so through illegals.
