Exam 2 Biology

energy

the capacity to cause change

What is the principle of conservation of energy?

energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be converted

Why are energy conversions never 100% efficient?

All energy transformations generate some heat and is lost during energy conversions

an arrow pulled back in a bow

potential energy (a)

a can of dog food

potential energy (d)

a burning candle

kinetic energy (C)

lifting a heavy book

kinetic energy (b)

a keg filled with beer

potential energy (b)

which of the following molecules has the most stored energy: AMP or ADP or ATP

ATP

The total of all chemical reactions in an organism is known as

metabolism

enzymes are proteins

true

Which of the following correctly describes the function of an enzyme

an enzyme speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy

The site on an enzyme where the substrate will bind is known as the

active site

Where does the energy for almost all ecosystems on earth come from?

the sun

define autotroph and name an example of an autotroph

organisms that make all their own organic matter from nutrients that are entirely inorganic

Ex: plants

define heterotroph and name an example of a heterotroph

organisms that cannot make organic matter

Ex: humans

persimmon tree growing in the Shawnee National Forest

producer (t)

bobcat feeding on a wild turkey

consumer (b)

human eating a salad

consumer (h)

lily pads growing on Crab Orchard Lake

producers (l)

deer eating acorns

consumer (d)

Which of the following are produced during cellular respiration

carbon dioxide, water, heat, and ATP

which of the following are used during cellular respiration

glucose and oxygen

Name the 3 main stages of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs), Electron transport

What is the output formed during fermentation in humans?

lactic aid

oxygen is required for Glycolysis to take place

false

which two co-enzymes are involved in the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH2

name one example of food that is produced by microorganisms through the process of fermentation

cabbage

During photosynthesis, which energy conversion takes place?

transforming light energy into chemical energy

In which cell organelle does photosynthesis take place?

chloroplasts

Which pigment gives plants their green color?

chlorophyll

Through which structure does carbon dioxide move into a leaf, and oxygen exit again?

Stomata

Name the two main stages of photosynthesis

light reactions and calvin cycle

During which stage of photosynthesis is light energy from the sun absorbed?

light reaction

During which stage of photosynthesis is sugar produced?

Calvin Cycle

Carbon dioxide is necessary for the Calvin Cycle to take place

True

Oxygen us only produced during the light reactions

true

Production of offspring via both sexual and asexual reproduction is known as

parthenogenesis

main function of mitosis

production of cells (growth and maintenance)

main function of meiosis

production of egg or sperm cells (sexual reproduction)

How many chromosomes do human somatic cells contain?

2

With mitosis in mind, explain why DNA replication is important

To replace lost or damaged cells

Interphase is one of the stages of Mitosis

false (PMAT)

Prophase

the nucleolus disappears

Metaphase

chromosomes line up at the center

Anaphase

chromosomes pull apart from each other

Telophase

a new cell forms

At the end of mitosis, the cytoplasm will divide to form two new cells. This process is known as

cytokinesis

Explain the link between mitosis and cancer. How does regular healthy cells turn into potentially cancer-causing cells?

cancer means that mitosis isn’t controlled and doesn’t produce an identical cell

What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

Benign tumors are abnormal cells that remain at the original site and malignant tumors have the potential to spread into neighboring tissues and parts of the body

Which type of skin cancer is the most common?

basal cell carcinoma

Which type of skin cancer is the most dangerous?

malignant melanoma

A display of the arrangement of chromosomes in matching pairs by size is known as

karyotype

How many chromosomes do a human sperm cell contain?

23

How many chromosomes do a human egg cell contain?

23

How many chromosomes do a human somatic cell contain?

46

If a human somatic cell is diploid (2n), a human gamete (sex cell) would be

haploid (n)

An individual with XX sex chromosomes would be a

female

An individual with XY sex chromosomes would be a

male

When a sperm cell fertilizes an egg, it forms a

zygote

Name two differences between mitosis and meiosis with regards to chromosomes number and genetic material

During meiosis, the number of chromosomes is cut in half and there is an exchange of genetic material known as crossing over

The exchange of corresponding segments (genes) between nonsister chromatids in meiosis is known as

crossing over

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

First Prophase

Where in the human body does meiosis occur?

testes and ovaries

when members of a chromosome pair fail to separate at Anaphase, errors in chromosome numbers may occur. This is known as

nondisjunction

How many chromosomes do an individual with Trisomy 21 have in each body cell?

21

Trisomy 21 is also known as

down syndrome

Which syndrome occurs in males with an extra X chromosome?

Klinefelter syndrome

Which syndrome occurs in females with only one X chromosome?

Turner syndrome

What is the transmission of genes from one generation to the next?

Heredity

A heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as flower color, is called a

character

Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype

Phenotype is your observable traits like blonde hair and genotype is your genetic makeup

What is achondroplasia? Is it caused by a dominant or recessive gene? If an individual has a genotype Aa for achondroplasia, will they have the condition?

a form of dwarfism in which the head and torso develop normally but the arms and legs are short. Caused by a dominant gene. Yes, because of dominant allele A that causes the condition

What is cystic fibrosis? Is it caused by a dominant or recessive allele? If an individual has a genotype Ff for cystic fibrosis, will they have the disorder?

a genetic disease that causes excessive secretion of very thick mucus. Caused by a recessive allele. No, because this disorder is a recessive disorder so it would have to be ff to have it, but Ff is a carrier for it

Name 3 ways genetic testing can be done during pregnancy

Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, blood tests

What is incomplete dominance?

F1 hybrids fall between the phenotypes of the two parents (instead of looking like a dominant or recessive allele). If one parent has straight hair (HH) and other has curly (hh), their child will have wavy hair (Hh)

Using ABO blood groups as an example, explain the concepts of multiple alleles and co-dominance

Multiple alleles is when a gene is found in populations in more than 2 alleles and ABO blood groups involve 3 alleles of a single gene. Co-dominance is expressed in blood type by how A and B alleles can be expressed at the same time, resulting in AB blood

what is the most common blood group?

O+

which blood group is considered the universal recipient?

AB

Can a person with blood type O receive blood from a person with blood type AB?

No, people with blood type O can only receive O blood because O has both A and B antibodies in their plasma

what is polygenic inheritance? Name an example of a trait that is a result of polygenic inheritance

Additive effects of 2 or more genes on a single phenotypic character

Ex: height

What is epigenetics? Briefly discuss at least 2 examples of epigenetics influence in humans

The study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work. Height could be influenced by nutrition and exercise and experience improves performance on intelligence tests

Explain why sex-linked disorders are more common in males compared to females

Since males only have one X chromosome, their characters are expressed more

humans convert approximately what percent of the energy stored in food to useful work?

34%

Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ___ and moves a substance __ its concentration point

transport proteins; down

Anything that prevents ATP formation will most likely

result in cell death

where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

humans are both

heterotrophs and consumers

respiration describes the exchange of gases between your blood and the air. Cellular respiration

produces ATP

the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

a process is referred to as aerobic if it requires

oxygen

the waste products of cellular respiration include

water and carbon dioxide

lactic acid buildup in muscles is a sign that

insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles

human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to

produce ATP without O2

what is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem

H2O

cancer cells are dangerous because

they spread throughout the body

which one of these is a true difference between mitosis and meiosis?

a single cell is divided into 2 cells in mitosis and 4 cells in meiosis

In humans, the __ determines the sex of the offspring because

male; the male can contribute either an X or Y chromosome

the physical trait of an organism is called its

phenotype

with the exception of gametes, a human cell contains how many chromosomes?

46