Health Econ midterms

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)

also known as chronic disease, tend to be long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavior factors.

Communicable disease

is any disease that passes between people or animals. People sometimes refer to it as ‘‘infectious or transmissible’’ diseases. Pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists cause communicable diseases.

Physical, mental and social

What are the three (3) aspects of health?

Genetic defects

People with this can weaken their bodies defenses against the attack from environmental forces such germs, bacteria and viruses. Others have congenital anomalies.

Physical health

means the overall condition of an individual inside and outside the physical body.

Mental health

Pertains to an individual’’s emotional and psychological wellbeing.

• Capable and competent

• Being able to handle normal level of stress

• Maintaining satisfying relationships

• leading an independent life

• recovering from different situations

What are the signs of mental health?

World health organization

who mainly promoted mental health advocacy?

Social health

is defined in terms of person’s ability to socially adjust to his environment and perform normal roles in the society.

OECD better life index

This index allows you to compare well-being across countries, based on 11topics has identified, in the areas of material living conditions and quality of life.

• Biology and Genetic Endowment

• Culture

• Education

• Employment and working conditions

• Gender

• Health services

• Income and social status

• Personal health practices

• Physical environment

• Social environment and support.

What are the determinants of health?

Health economics

is about the optimization of health relative to other activities and making choices to employ resources in a way that improves health status and service delivery within the limited resources available.

• Scarcity

• Choice and opportunity cost

• Margin

• Efficiency

• Equity

What are the building blocks of economics?

Scarcity

Resources available now or for any foreseeable time are insufficient to meet all human wants.

Margin analysis

is about getting the most value of the resources used and in practical terms entails measuring the costs and benefits of expanding or contracting an activity, program or service.

Effiiciency

is a general term used to describe the relationship between inputs and outputs, which in turn can be valued respectively, in terms of costs and benefits. It is concerned with maximizing benefits with the resources available, or minimizing costs for a given level of benefit.

Equity

is another important concern of economics as well as of health services. It is about the distribution of benefits as opposed to their maximization.

Technical effiiciency

where a given output is produced with the least inputs (i.e minimizing wastage) Also known as operational efficiency.

Economic effiiciency

where a given output is produced at least cost. Also known as productive efficiency.

Allocative efficiency

where the pattern of output matches the pattern of demand.

Pareto efficiency

The point at which no one can gain without someone else being made worse off.

Inverse relationship

What is the relationship for demand for medical services?

Substitution effect

a decrease in the price of physician services causes the consumer to substitute away from the relatively higher-priced medical goods, such as hospital out-patient services and purchase more physician services; hence, the quantity demanded for physician services increases as price decreases.

Income effect

a lower price also increases the real consumer purchasing power. The quantity demanded for physician services increases when purchasing power increases. As price falls, the real income and quantity demand rises.

Complementary medical services

refers to two or more goods which are jointly used for consumption purposes. Because these goods are consumed together, an increase in the price of one good inversely influences the demand for the other.

Moral hazard

any change behavior as a result of becoming insured. Usually the changes in the behavior that matter most are those that increase the pure premium of the insurance.

Healthcare

are activities that are undertaken with the objective of restoring, preserving, or enhancing the physical and mental wellbeing of people. These activities may be aimed at the relief of pain, the removal of disabilities, the restoration of functions, the prevention of illness and accidents or the postponement of death.

Healthcare system

is the interrelated ways in which a given society organizes available resources for the maintenance and improvement of the health of its people.

Marginal benefit

addition on the extra satisfaction that you derive from consuming goods and availing the services.

Marginal cost

measure of the change in costs associated with increasing or decreasing output by one and is derived by calculating the change in total costs for that one unit.

Risk factors

represents genetic predisposition to disease, environmental influences and infectious disease.

Household economy

represents factors associated with how people behave and crucially, invest or disinvest in their health by what they consume and in the activities they undertake.

Heath sector

comprises those goods and services consumer principally to improve health status.

National economy

representing the meta-influences of government structures, markets and their influence on economic well-being.

Employment, nutrition, environmental conditions and education

What are the social determinants?

Social determinants

refer to general conditions in which people live and work and which influence their ability to lead healthy lives or not.