All of Chapter 17 Function and Composition and Erythrocytes

What is the function of blood?

The function of blood is to transport gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, wastes, hormones

What does blood regulate?

blood regulate and maintain body’s temperature, normal pH (contains buffers), and fluid volume (some plasma proteins prevent fluid from moving into tissue)

What does blood protect?

it prevents blood loss (clotting) and infection (antibodies and white blood cells)

what do buffers do?

Buffers prevent fluctuations in pH

what does fluid volume influence?

Fluid volume influences blood pressure

what is the only fluid tissue in the body?

blood is the only fluid tissue in the body

Plasma makes up ______ of the whole blood.

55%

The buffy coat includes ___________.

leukocytes and platelets, makes up less than 1 percent of whole blood

Erythrocytes make up ______ percent of whole blood (hematocrit)

45%

What color is plasma?

slightly yellow, sticky

Plasma is mostly ______

water, but also contains electrolytes (ions/salts), nutrients, absorbed from digestive tract, gases, hormones, and plasma proteins.

Plasma proteins are most produced by what organ?

Plasma proteins are most produced by liver

what are the four types of plasma proteins?

The four types of plasma proteins are Albumin, Alpha and beta globulins, Gamma globulins, and Fibrinogen.

What plasma protein is the main contributer to osmotic pressure?

Albumin

What do alpha and beta globulins do?

they transport proteins for lipids, some ions, and vitamins

Gamma globulins do what?

release antibodies released during immune response

What plasma protein forms fibrin threads in blood clots?

Fibrinogen

what blood cells have biconcave disks (flat with depression)?

Erythrocytes

do mature red blood cells have a nucleus?

No, mature red blood cells are anucleate (no nucleus) with no organelles

red blood cells contain _________.

hemoglobin-transports respiratory gases

do red blood cells have more surface area than volume?

Yes, red blood cells (erythrocytes) have more surface area than volume.

Erythrocytes (RBC) generate ATP _____________

anaerobically- no consumption of O2 carried

Hemoglobin makes RBCs red and ___________

carries respiratory gases

Most O2 in blood is bound to _________

hemoglobin

One heme group per ____________

polypeptide chain (4 total)

At tissues, ________ detaches from the heme and diffuses into cells- ______________

O2, deoxyhemoglobin

Red bone marrow produces one ounce of ____________________.

blood per day containing 100billion new cells

All formed elements derived from _______________

hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)

Hematopoietic is ________________.

programmed to specialize info formed elements

Erythropoiesis- erythrocyte production; ___________________

takes about 15 days

low red blood cells causes ________

hypoxia (O2 deprivation)

high RBCS causes ________>

increased viscosity thick blood

Hormonal control, but dependent on adequate supply if ________________

Fe2+, amino acids and B vitamins (obtained through diet)

What is the only fluid tissue in body?

Blood is the only fluid tissue in body

Oxygenated blood is what color?

red

Deoxygenated blood is what color?

dark red

What is blood ph?

7.35-7.45

Drastic fluctuations in blood will __________

denature enzymes

Amount of blood in males and females

males 5-6 L, females 4-5L

Erythrocytes-RBCs- transport what?

erythrocytes (RBC) transport O2 and CO2, is responsible for viscosity of blood (thickness)

What is a hematocrit?

% of RBCs in blood sample; usually 45% of total volume

What blood cell protects body against infection?

leukocytes, white blood cells

Platelets are what?

cell fragments involved in clotting

What makes up a buffy coat?

Leukocytes and platelets make up a buffy coat

What percent of the blood does plasma make up?

Plasma makes up 55% of whole blood

What percentage does the buffy coat make up?

The buffy coat makes up <1% of whole blood (leukocytes and platelets)

Erythrocytes makes up what percent of blood?

45% of whole blood, most dense component

Plasma is slightly_______

yellow, sticky

What is mostly water (90%), but also contains electrolytes, nutrients absorbed from digestive tract, gases, hormones, and plasma proteins

Plasma

Plasma proteins are most produced by what organ?

By the liver

Albumin is most abundant and the ______________

main contributer to opsmotic pressure

What does albumin regulate?

regulates fluid volume/loss to tissues

What do alpha and beta globulins do?

Alpha and beta globulins transport proteins for lipids, some ions, and vitamins

Gamma globulins do what?

are antibodies released during immune response

Fibrinogen forms what?

It forms fibrin threads in blood clots

Erythrocytes (RBCs) have what type of disks?

have biconcave disk-flat with depression

Erythrocytes appear lighter in ____

center

Mature RBCs are _____

anucleate (no nucleus) with no organelles

Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin which _____

transports respiratory gases

Erythrocytes have the flexibility to fit through ______

tiny capillaries

Surface area > _____

volume, making it great for gas exchange

Erythrocytes generate ATP anaerobically________

no consumption of O2 carried.

hemoglobin makes RBCs _____ and carries respiratory gases

red

Hemoglobin, most O2 in blood is ___________

bound to hemoglobin

heme= -Fe2+

globin-protein

Two alpha and two ___________

beta polypeptide chains

One heme group_____

per polypeptide chain

One heme group per ________

polypeptide chains

One O2 bonds to each ______

heme group

250million hemoglobin per RBC = ______

one billion O2 carried per RBCs

Hemoglobin: as deoxygenated blood moves __________

through the lungs, O2 diffuses into blood, then into RBCs where it binds to the heme- oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin, at tissues, O2 detaches from the __________

heme and diffuses into cells- deoxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin, CO2 then binds to the globin (carbarminohemoglobin) for __________

transport to lungs and eventual elimination from body, only 20% of CO2 transported by hemoglobin

Hematopoiesis- _____

blood cell formation, occurs in red bone marrow

Hematopoiesis is a type of _________

blood cell formed depends upon body’s needs

Hematopoiesis, red bone marrow ______

produces one ounce of blood per day containing 100 billion new cells

Hematopoiesis, all formed elements ______

derived from hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast), programmed to specialize info formed elements

Erythropoiesis, erythrocyte production; ____

takes about 15 days

regulation of erythropoiesis, negative feedback:_______

low RBCs causes hypoxia (O2 deprivation) at tissue level, high RBCs causes increased viscosity thick blood

2 million RBCs produced ________

per second

Hormonal control, but dependent on _________

adequate supply of Fe2+ amino acids and Bvitamins (obtained through diet)

Erythropoietin (EPO), hormone that _____

stimulates erythropoiesis

EPO is produced by _____

kidneys (mostly) and liver when their cells become hypoxic

Excessive O2 in bloodstream inhibits______

EPO production

Since RBCs are anucleate, they do _______

not divided or produce new proteins

Old RBCs get trapped in tiny vessels in spleen and are _______

phagocytized by macrophages

Life span of Erythropoieis are________

100-120 days

Leukocytes (WBCs)-____

complete cells, containing nuclei and organelles

What percentage of Leukocytes (WBCs) makes up the total blood volume?

less than 1%

What are the function of leukocytes?

The function of leukocytes are defense againest disease

Leukocytes are transported by _______, but able to leave _____________- and move through tissue spaces to destroy pathogens and phagocytize necrotic tissue

blood, bloodstream (diapedesis)

leukocytosis- double the normal __________

leukocyte count; produced by body as normal response to infection

Two categories of Leukocytes : granulocytes and __________-

angranulocytes

Tissue damage releases chemicals that beckon WBCs to area _________

(postive hemostasis)

WBCs move toward _____

chemicals

Granulocytes look ______

grainy v

What and what are both white blood cells that have different functions?

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Granulocytes include: _____

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

agranulocytes include:

lymphocytes and monocytes

Granulocytes are mostly ______

spherical cells