exam 2 cognitive psych

inattentional blindness

paying attention to one thing, other things could change, and you will not notice

attention

taking possession of the mind, in clear and vivd form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought

capacity theory

potential, capacity limits

available capacity

fixed capacity, can be allocated to different places, one of the available options

momentary intentions

spending capacity

disjunctive search (parallel search)

one and only one feature that differentiates the target from everything else

congestive search (serial search)

combination of two features that differentiate the target from everything else

overt attention

shift both our attention and our fixation

covert attention

shift attention but maintain our fixation

neglect

disordered psychological condition that is a disruption to spatial attention

selective attention

ability to selectively ignore some information to concentrate on other information

early selection theory

attend based on physical properties

cocktail party effect

ability to selectively attend to one particular conversation over a cacophony of others, However, certain things can get through this filter, such as your names and other important information/words

late-selection theory

all stimuli are processed for some aspects of meaning

attenuation theory

unattended message is not completely blocked, but rather attenuated 

sensory memory

brief storage of sensory information

mood-dependent memory

the dependence of retrieval and encoding

mood-congruent memory

the match between the individual and the material to be learned (stimuli) 

critical lure

items that are not on a list, but are associated with many of the words on the list

primacy effect

first few items are recalled slightly better than the rest

recency effect

last few items are recalled slightly better than the rest

commission

false memories

omission

forgetting

schemas

organized knowledge structure that reflects an individual’s knowledge, experience, and expectations about some aspect of the world 

availability

information exists or not in memory storage

accessibility

information can successfully retrieved

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

retrieval failure, info is available not accessible

retrograde amnesia

events encoded prior to injury, cannot recall events before the injury

anterograde amnesia

events encoded after injury, cannot recall events after the injury

Korsakoff’s syndrome

amnesia from severe alcohol consumption

temporal gradient

older memories are spared, memories closer to the time of injury are impaired, events that occurred close in time to the injury are impaired and the more remote memories like childhood are more likely to be spared

episodic memory

specific personally experienced past events, memories about specific events

semantic memory

general knowledge of information about the world, not tied to any time or place

explicit memory

conscious memory

implicit memory

revealed by indirect tests

procedural memory

knowing “how”

priming

changes in perception and belief caused by previous experience

perceptual learning/habituation

recalibration of perceptual system as a result of expierence

classical conditioning

learning about associations among stimuli

flashbulb memory

exceptionally vivid, detailed "snapshots" of the context in which a person hears surprising, emotionally charged, or significant news

consequentiality

when we are in groups whom we identify with, we tend to have more flashbulb memories often