Unit 3: tissues, organs, organ systems and blood

Differentiation

Is the specialization of cells to take on different forms and functions

Stem cells

Foundation cells for every organ, tissue, and cell in the body.

Pluripotent cells

Cells that have the ability to differentiate into all cells of the human body

Adult cells

Cells that are limited to differentiate only specialized cell types in an organ or tissue.

Pre-embryonic phase

Ends with embryoblasts spitting into endoderm and ectoderm junctions, proximity, orientation between cells are specific signals that tell the early cells what type they need to become

Tissues

A collection of cells of the same type, perform a common function, and shape and organize to help them do a job

4 major tissue types

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

3 types of epithelium

Simple squamous, simple columnar, simple cuboidal

Simple

One layer of cells

Pseudostratified

One layer, but looks like several

Stratified

Several layers

Transitional

Moves from several layers to a single layer

Extracellular matrix

Fiber like structural proteins such as collagen, reticular and elastin, no cellular and can range from hard to liquid. Made of polysaccharides

Red blood cells

Erythrocyte

White blood cells

Leukocytes

Platelets

Thrombocytes

Erythrocytes

Cells that carry oxygen

Leukocytes

Cells that fight infection

Thrombocytes

Pieces of cells that clot

Muscle tissue

Function: movement and heat

Composition: muscle fibers (myocytes) and protein filaments (actin and myosin)

Skeletal muscle

Striated, usually attached to bone, voluntary movement

Smooth muscle

Tapered, walls of blood vessels and internal organs, involuntary movement

Cardiac muscle

Striated, cardiac wall and special cellular junctions, involuntary movement

Neurons

Sensing and sending information all over the body, sensory, integrated, and motor.

Sensory neurons

Responsible for the transportation of messages from the body’s tissues and organs to the central nervous system

Motor neurons

Responsible for conducting impulses from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Interneurons

Neurons located specifically in the CNS to relay signals from sensory and motor neurons.

Glial cells

Physical and chemical supporters of neurons, make up 90% of cells in the nervous system, bring nutrients to the neurons

Oligodendrocytes

Produce myelin sheath around axons in the brain and spinal cord

Astrocytes

Help repair damaged nervous tissue

Microglia

Engulf and remove cell debris and bacteria.

Cell junctions

Knit the cells firmly in place and can serve as communication channels

Tight junction

Epithelium of lungs alveoli. Block leaking between adjoining cells. (Impermeable)

Adhearing junction

Epithelium of skin, cement cells together but is flexible.

Gap junction

Channels that connect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells (fusion of membrane) and abundant smooth and cardiac muscle (intercalated disks)

Tissue membranes

Epithelium and connective, thin sheet like membranes that cover many body surfaces and cavities that provide protection to tissue, reduce friction, maintain moisture and secretion and lubricate organs

Mucous membranes

Designed to secrete and or absorb substances, most have glands, and line tubes and cavities.

Serous membranes

Occur in paired sheets, line the abdominal cavity (peritoneum) and enclose the heart (pericardium) and lungs (pleura), secrete fluids, no glands, reduce friction.

Cutaneous membrane

Dry membrane; skin

Synovial membrane

Line the cavities of the body’s movable joins, lubricate the ends of moving bones, prevent friction between bone and moving tendon.

Blood

A fluid connective tissue containing multiple types of cells, cellular products, plasma, chemical nutrients, hormones and other wastes removed from tissues.

Vasculature

all of the blood vessels in the body, serves to direct blood to and from the heart and tissues.

Autorhythmic

Intrinsic control of heart muscle contraction (heart beat)

Endocardium

Epithelial lining of the cardiovascular system.

Myocardium

Cardiac muscle cells

Pericardium

Serous membrane

Septum

Divides the heart into left and right halves

Atrioventricular Valve

Between atrium and ventricle, attached to chordae tindenea and papillary muscles.

Semilunar valve

Between ventricle and vessels carrying blood out of the heart

Sinoatrial node

Sends electrical signals to atria, atria contracts, blood passes through atrioventricular valves to fill ventricles.

Atrioventricular node

Sends signal down septum in bundle, branches across ventricles

P wave

Sinoatrial node fires, causing atrial cell depolarization

QRS complex

Created by the simultaneous depolarization of ventricular cells

T wave

Ventricle cells relax and depolarize, marking the return to diastole

Extrinsic controls

Modulate the baseline rate to meet the immediate demands of the body

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Carry blood to your heart

Precapillary sphincter

Only some capillary beds are open at a certain time, when the capillary bed closes, that is the ________ contracting

Baroreceptor reflex

Keeps blood pressure within normal limits in the face of sudden changes, _____ can be found in the carotid arteries in the neck and in the arch of the aorta

Pulmonary circuit

Blood goes to, through, and from the lungs

Systemic circuit

Blood goes to the body’s tissues

Hepatic portal vein

Nutrient rich, oxygen poor; A blood vessel that collects blood from several different veins around the gastrointestinal system and transports the blood to the liver. There it will be filtered before returning to the heart

Hepatic vein

Returns blood to the heart

Systolic number; diastolic number

____ over _____ is blood pressure

Hyper

Too much, fast

Hypo

Slow, under

Thrombosis

Blood clot blocks blood flow

Embolism

Blood clot disconnects from clot and floats into other organ and blocks blood flow

Bradycardia

Low heart rate

Tachycardia

High heart rate

Ventricular fibrillation

Disorganized contractions

50-60%

How much of blood is plasma?

40-50%

Blood is made up of ____ of formed elements

Water

Blood plasma is made mostly of ____ , about 92%

Albumin

Most abundant plasma protein, osmotic pressure

Globulins

Alpha, beta, gamma, produced by WBC

Fibrogen

Blood clotting

Granular WBC

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranular WBC

Lymphocytes, monocytes

Neutrophils

Most abundant of all WBC (50-70%), multilobed nucleus, upon infection they move out of circulation and into tissues to use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens.

Eosinophils

Small percentage of WBC, contains bilobed nucleus, many large granules function in parasitic infections.

Basophils

Small percentage of WBC, contained “U” shaped lobed nucleuses, release histamine, heparin, and serotonin related to allergic reactions.

Monocyte

Less common, most become macrophages or phagocitic in tissues and blood

Lymphocytes

About 25-35% of WBC, large nucleus that take up most of the cytoplasm. There are three types, B, T, and NK

B Lymphocytes

B cells, antibody mediated immunity

T lymphocytes

T cells, cell mediated immunity.

NK lymphocytes

Natural killers, destroy cancer cells.

Heme

Iron containing group of hemoglobin

Globin

4 highly folded polypeptide chains of hemoglobin

Erythropoietin

Hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of RBC and relies on the negative feedback loop

Plasma membrane protein

Rh encodes for a

Glycosyltransferase

ABO encodes for a _____, an enzyme that glycosylates the H antigen of plasma membrane proteins.

Type A Blood

A antigen and contains anti-B antibodies

Type B Blood

B antigen and contains anti A antibodies

Type AB Blood

Both A and B antigens and contains neither anti A or anti B antibodies

Type O Blood

No A or B antigens and contains both anti A and anti B antibodies

Has the marker

Rh + (positive) is when the RBC

Lacks the marker

Rh - (negative) is when the RBC

Megakaryocytes

A protein and enzyme containing cell that when released begins a series of events that lead to the formation of a blood clot.

Hemostasis

The process for repairing a whole in the blood vessel through the clotting cascade. (Scabbing)