IGCSE CHEM_CHAP 1_States of matter

Solid

Particles are closely packed in a fixed, regular arrangement and vibrate in position; Chất rắn.

Liquid

Particles are close together but have a random arrangement and can move past each other; Chất lỏng.

Gas

Particles are spread apart, move randomly in all directions, and can be compressed; Chất khí.

Melting

The physical change of a substance from a solid state to a liquid state; Sự nóng chảy.

Boiling

The physical change from liquid to gas where bubbles form throughout the liquid; Sự sôi.

Evaporation

The physical change from liquid to gas where particles escape from the surface only; Sự bay hơi.

Freezing

The physical change of a substance from a liquid state to a solid state; Sự đông đặc.

Condensation

The physical change of a substance from a gas state to a liquid state; Sự ngưng tụ.

Sublimation

The physical change where a solid turns directly into a gas; Sự thăng hoa.

Kinetic particle theory

A model representing particles as small solid spheres to explain states of matter and changes; Thuyết động học hạt.

Heating curve

A graph showing temperature against time as a substance changes from solid to liquid to gas; Biểu đồ đường cong đun nóng.

Cooling curve

A graph showing temperature against time as a gas is cooled to a liquid and then a solid; Biểu đồ đường cong làm nguội.

Pressure

A measure referring to the number of particles in a fixed volume; Áp suất.

Melting point

The specific temperature at which a solid changes state to a liquid; Điểm nóng chảy.

Boiling point

The specific temperature at which a liquid changes state to a gas; Điểm sôi.

Solid, liquid, and gas

What are the three states of matter?

Solid

In which state are particles closely packed and in a fixed arrangement?

Gas

Which state has particles that are spread apart and move randomly in all directions?

Vibrate in fixed positions

How do particles move when in a solid state?

Move past each other

How do particles move when in a liquid state?

Cannot be compressed

What is a distinguishing property of solids and liquids regarding volume?

Gas

Which state of matter can be compressed?

Melting

What is the term for a solid changing to a liquid?

Boiling

What is the process where a liquid changes to gas and bubbles form throughout?

Evaporation

What is the process where gas particles escape from the surface of a liquid only?

Freezing

What is the term for a liquid changing to a solid?

Condensation

What is the term for a gas changing to a liquid?

Sublimation

What is the physical change called when a solid turns directly into a gas?

Melting point

At what specific temperature do melting and freezing take place?

Boiling point

At what specific temperature do boiling and condensing take place?

It increases

What happens to the volume of a gas as the temperature increases?

It decreases

What happens to the volume of a gas as pressure increases?

It increases

What happens to the volume of a gas as pressure decreases?

Small solid spheres

How are particles represented in kinetic particle theory?

Kinetic energy

Into what type of energy must thermal energy be transferred for particles to overcome intermolecular forces?

Energy is lost

What happens to the energy in particles during freezing and condensing?

Intermolecular forces

What is formed between particles to hold them closer together during condensation?

Change of state

What is caused when particles gain more kinetic energy and increase their movement?

Heating curve

What type of graph shows temperature rising as a solid becomes a gas?

Plateau (horizontal line)

How does the heating curve appear while the solid is melting?

Once all liquid has boiled

When will the temperature continue to rise after reaching the boiling point?

Cooling curve

What type of graph shows temperature decreasing as energy is lost to the surroundings?

New bonds are formed

Why does the cooling curve line plateau during condensation?

Particles collide and spread further apart

Why does increasing temperature increase gas volume in terms of kinetic theory?

Particles are forced closer together

Why does increasing pressure decrease the volume of a gas?

Diffusion

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; Sự khuếch tán.

Kinetic particle theory

A theory used to describe and explain the movement and behavior of particles in different states of matter; Thuyết động học hạt.

Concentration

The amount of a substance in a defined space or volume; Nồng độ.

Relative molecular mass

The mass of one molecule, calculated by the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in that molecule; Khối lượng phân tử tương đối.

Atomic mass

The mass of an individual atom used to calculate relative molecular mass; Khối lượng nguyên tử.

Diffusion

What is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

Kinetic particle theory

What theory is used to describe and explain diffusion?

Move

What must particles be able to do for diffusion to work?

Solids

In which state of matter does diffusion not occur?

They cannot move from place to place

Why does diffusion not occur in solids?

Vibrate in fixed positions

How do particles in a solid move instead of diffusing?

Liquids and gases

In which two states of matter can diffusion occur?

Particles are able to move

Why can diffusion occur in liquids and gases?

Collide and spread apart

Besides moving, what do particles in liquids and gases do to allow diffusion?

Relative molecular mass

What refers to the mass of one molecule calculated by the sum of the atomic masses of its atoms?

44

What is the relative molecular mass of CO2?

The rate of diffusion decreases

What is the effect on the rate of diffusion as the relative molecular mass of a gas increases?

The slower the diffusion rate

Complete the sentence: The larger the relative molecular mass, …

Heavier

How are particles with a large relative molecular mass described in terms of weight?

They move slower

Why do "heavy" particles have a slower rate of diffusion?

The rate of diffusion increases

What happens to the rate of diffusion if the gas particles have a smaller relative molecular mass?

Lighter

How are particles with a small relative molecular mass described in terms of weight?

They move faster

Why do "lighter" gas particles have a faster rate of diffusion?

Sum of the atomic masses

How is the relative molecular mass of a molecule calculated?

High concentration

From what type of area do particles move at the start of diffusion?

Low concentration

To what type of area do particles move during diffusion?

Gas

In which state of matter do particles move most freely to allow fast diffusion?

Net movement

What specific type of movement is diffusion defined as?

Slowly

How does a gas with a relative molecular mass of 100 diffuse compared to a gas with a mass of 20

Faster

If a particle is "lighter," does it move slower or faster?

Atoms

What are the individual components whose masses are summed to find the relative molecular mass?

Fixed positions

Where are particles held in a solid that prevents them from moving from place to place?

Liquid

In which state, other than gas, are particles close enough to collide but still able to diffuse?

The mass of the particles

According to the extended notes, what determines how fast a gas particle moves

Molecular mass and rate of diffusion

What is the relationship being explained when comparing "heavy" and "light" gas particles?