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learning
acquiring new info and/or behaviors
associative learning
associating 2 events (2 stimuli or response + consequence) that occur together
who introduced the term "behaviorism"? what did he believe the focus of psychology should be?
john b watson. believed it should be on observable behavior.
figure most associated w/ development of classical conditioning?
ivan pavlov
classical conditioning
learning thru linking of 2 stimuli
what did Pavlov discover during his studies of salivary response that caused him to conduct his studies in classical conditioning?
noticed that dogs associated food w/ stimuli paired w/ feeding. they would drool cus of the stimuli, even w/o food
what was pavlov criticized for ignoring?
role of thoughts + emotions
unconditioned stimulus (US)
stimulus that naturally triggers the UR
unconditioned response (UR)
naturally occurring response triggered by US
conditioned stimulus
triggers the CR after the CS is associated w/ NS. same as NS, just before + after learning
conditioned response
learned response triggered by CS
generalization
stimuli similar to CS trigger similar CR
discrimination
being able to differentiate CS + other stimuli
extinction
CR slowly goes away because itâs not conditioned enough. unlearning CS + CR
spontaneous recovery
CR reappears after some time passes from when you hear it
what was shown in Garcia and Koellingâs research?
time between CS + US may be long, but can still have conditioning. biologically adaptive CS (taste) led to conditioning, not others (light or taste) also taste aversion
according to Skinner, what controls human behavior?
reinforcements + punishments
what is the Law of Effect and who made it?
Edward Thorndike. rewarded behavior is more likely to occur again.
operant conditioning
strengthening behavior thru reinforcement or decreasing behavior thru punishment.
operant v classical conditioning
operant: voluntarily doing the behavior, rewarded or punished. classical: reflexive + autmoatic response
who developed the theory of operant conditioning?
skinner
what is a skinner box? (aka operant chamber)
chamber that has a bar/key that an animal can use to get a primary reinforcer (food or water); attached devices record animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking
experiment: put rat in chamber and make it do stuff to push t=lever/button more often bc of behavioral signal
shaping
process where reinforcers guide behavior closer towards desired behavior
successive approximation
reinforcing steps of desired behavior to get to goal; teach in small increments
primary reinforcer
innately reinforcing stimulus (food, water)
secondary reinforcer
learned reinforcer through association w/ primary reinforcer (grades)
positive v negative reinforcement
positive: giving something to increase a behavior. negative: taking away something to increase a behavior
punishment v reinforcement
punishment decreases a behavior, reinforcement increases a behavior
pros + cons of immediate reinforcers
more motivation, but more prone to extinction
pros + cons of delayed reinforcers
more resistant to extinction, takes a while to link?
what was skinner criticized for discounting?
inner thought processes + biological underpinnings
latent learning
learning that happens but is not obvious until there is an incentive to show it. IMPORTANT IN TOLMANâS RESEARCH
edward tulmanâs research
animals that never got reinforced kinda got better, animals that were reinforced the entire way consistently got better, rats that werenât rewarded until last day did just as good as continuously reinforced rats cus they had a cognitive map of the maze
who is albert bandura and what famous research study is he responsible for?
psychologist, Bobo doll study (show kids a boxing match and give them bobo dolls. kids would beat it up)
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