Psyvh finals

Cognitive map

What term describes a mental representation of the layout of one's environment and is evidence of cognitive processes in operant conditioning?

Latent learning

What type of learning demonstrates that learning can occur without reinforcement or punishment and only becomes apparent when there is some incentive to demonstrate it?

Learned helplessness

What term describes the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated adverse events?

Taste aversion

Researcher Garcia described what effect that occurs when an animal associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance?

Self-control

What term describes the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification which predicts good adjustment, better grades, and social success?

Intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation

Respectively, what term describes the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its sake and what term describes the desire to seek external rewards or to avoid threatened punishment?

Insight

What term describes that some learning occurs after little or no systematic interaction with our environment?

Internal locus of control, external locus of control

Respectively, what term describes the perception that we control our own fate and what term describes the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determines our fate?

Biological predisposition

We most easily learn and retain behaviors and associations that draw on our what?

When they are behaving well

At home, when should parents give children attention and other reinforcers?

Associative learning

What type of learning are both classical and operant conditioning?

Electronic assessment

What type of adaptive assessment uses operant conditioning principles to pace material to each student's rate of learning and to provide immediate feedback on their efforts?

Operant behavior

Operant conditioning involves what type of behavior that operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli?

Respondent behavior

Classical conditioning involves what type of behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus we do not control?

Success

The key to shaping behavior in athletic performance is first reinforcing what and then gradually increasing the challenge?

Biofeedback

What term describes an overblown and oversold system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension?

Superstitious behavior

In sports, the accidental timing of rewards can produce what type of behavior which may be partially reinforced over time?

Skinner

What controversial researcher said that external influences shape behavior and we should use rewards to evoke more desirable behaviors?

Secondary reinforcer, conditioned reinforcer

What term describes a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with the satisfaction of a biological need or primary reinforcer?

Variable-ratio schedule

In real life, continuous reinforcement does not occur every time a desired response is given, therefore which partial reinforcement schedule describes reinforcers that are provided after an unpredictable number of responses?

Skinner Box, operant chamber

What term describes a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water?

Operant conditioning

Skinner described what type of associative learning that teaches subjects to associate behaviors with their consequences?

Variable-interval schedule

In real life, continuous reinforcement does not occur every time a desired response is given, therefore which partial reinforcement schedule describes reinforcers that are provided after an unpredictable amount of time?

Law of effect

What term did Thordike use to describe the phrase, "rewarded behavior is likely to recur?"

Shaping

What term describes an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal?

Negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement

Since a reinforcer is anything that increases the frequency of a preceding response, what respective type of reinforcer strengthens a response by reducing an adverse stimulus and what respective type of reinforcer strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response?

Punishment

What is the opposite to that of reinforcement, is usually suppressed, is never forgotten, and can evoke undesired responses, such as anger, fear or resistance?

Extinction, spontaneous recovery

Respectively, what term describes a diminishing conditioned response that occurs when the unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus and what term describes the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus?

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning

Associative learning, learning that certain events occur together, causes humans to learn and adapt to their environment according to what three types of learning - (1) how we expect and prepare for an event (2) how we learn to repeat acts that bring good results (3) how by watching others we learn new behaviors.

Discrimination, generalization

Respectively, what term describes the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli and what term describes the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus?

Because we were not born with a genetic blueprint for life, what term would describe a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience?

Because we were not born with a genetic blueprint for life, what term would describe a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience?

What type of learning is described by a neutral stimulus signaling an unconditioned stimulus that begins to produce a conditioned response that anticipates and prepares for that unconditioned stimulus?

Pavlovian conditioning, classical conditioning

Respectively, what classical conditioning term describes the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus and what term describes an originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response?

Conditioned response, conditioned stimulus

What term describes the stage of classical conditioning that associates a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the conditioned stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response?

Acquisition

Who is responsible for teaching us that the principles of learning apply across species, that significant psychological phenomena can be studied objectively, and that conditioning principles have important practical applications?

Pavlov

What term describes the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus?

Unconditioned response

What term describes a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response?

Unconditioned stimulus

By far, what is the most widely used stimulant that over 80% of Americans consume on a daily basis?

Caffeine

What category of drugs would alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates fall into, all of which reduce neural activity and slow body functions?

Depressants

Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods and what term describes the diminishing effect with regular use of psychoactive drugs that requires the user to take larger doses to produce the desired high?

Tolerance, neuroadaptation

What category of psychedelic drugs would LSD and marijuana fall into, all of which distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input?

Hallucinogens

What slows the sympathetic nervous system, affects judgment and memory, shrinks the brain, reduces self-awareness, and kills more people than all illegal drugs combined?

Alcohol

What category of drugs would caffeine, nicotine, methamphetamine, and cocaine fall into, all of which excite neural activity and speed up body functions?

Stimulants

What term describes continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption?

Substance use disorder

Respectively, what type of drug is a tranquilizer that mimics the effects of alcohol and what type of depressant-narcotic includes morphine and heroin and depresses neural functioning?

Barbiturate, opiate

Withdrawal is the discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing an addictive drug and what term describes the need to switch off the withdrawal symptoms by taking more of the psychoactive drug?

addiction

The "rush" of euphoria cocaine provides lasts for approximately how long and is followed by a crash due to reuptake blockage and the resulting deprivation of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin?

15 to 30 minutes

What term describes the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation?

REM rebound

According to sleep researcher Dement, the brain keeps an accurate count of sleep debt for at least how long?

2 weeks

Respectively, how much time in an average person's lifespan do they spend sleeping and how much time in an average person's lifespan do they spend in REM dreams, which are vivid, emotional, and sometimes bizarre?

25 years, 6 years

What term describes a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and subsequent momentary reawakenings that are seldom remembered and is characterized by heavy snoring, high blood pressure, irritability, and exhaustion?

Sleep apnea

Insomnia

Insomnia

Narcolepsy, night terrors

Respectively, 1 in 2000 people have which sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks that usually last for less than five minutes and which sleep disorder targets mostly children, occurs during the first few hours of NREM(3) sleep, and is seldom remembered?

Latent content

According to Freud's outdated argument, a dream's manifest content is a censored, symbolic version of what, which consists of unconscious erotic drives and wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly?

Negative emotions

Although most of our dreams do not contain sexual imagery, 8 in 10 dreams are marked by what?

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

What type of device confirms that the brain's auditory cortex responds to sound stimuli during sleep and shows that we process most information outside our conscious awareness?

REM sleep

Except during scary dreams, what stage of sleep do your genitals become aroused whether or not the dream's content is sexual?

10 minutes

Despite your motor cortex being activated during a dream and your brainstem blocking the messages, recurring paradoxical sleep (REM sleep) is characterized by vivid dreams for about how long per sleep cycle?

Alpha waves, delta waves

Respectively, what type of slow brain waves occur during the relaxed state before you fall sleep and what type of large, slow brain waves are associated with deep sleep?

Melatonin

Light adjusts our biological clock by activating light-sensitive retinal proteins that affects the pineal gland's production of what hormone

Age, experience

What can influence our circadian rhythm and cause some people to be evening-energized and others to be morning-loving?

100 minutes

As the night wears on NREM(3) sleep gets shorter and disappears, REM and NREM(2) sleep periods get longer, and we end up sending approximately how many minutes in REM sleep per night?

Circadian rhythm

Our bodies roughly synchronize with the 24 hour cycle of day and night through a biological clock called what?

NREM sleep

We cycle through four distinct sleep stages every 90 minutes but what type of sleep encompasses all sleep stages except REM sleep?

Hypnosis

What can reduce fear, hypersensitivity to pain, and inhibit pain-related brain activity?

Suggestions

Those who study hypnosis agree that its power resides not in the hypnotist but in the subject's openness to what?

Authoritative

What type of person in a legitimate context can induce people, hypnotized or not, to perform unlikely events?

Posthypnotic suggestion

What term describes a statement made during a hypnotic session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized and has helped alleviate headaches, asthma, warts and stress-related skin disorders?

Dissociation

What special dual-processing state describes a split between different levels of consciousness and may explain hypnotic pain relief?

Hypnosis

What term describes a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur?

Age regression

In one 1999 community survey, 3 in 4 people agreed with the inaccurate claim that hypnosis enables what phenomenon that describes that people can recover accurate memories as far back as birth?

Consciousness

What term describes our awareness of ourselves and our environment, enables us to exert voluntary control and communicate our mental states to others, and keeps us from thinking and doing everything at once?

Neuroscience

In the 1st half of the last century psychology defined itself as the science of behavior, but by the 1960s, what advances made it possible to relate brain activity to various mental states, such as waking, sleeping, and dreaming?

40, morpheme

Respectively, how many phonemes, the smallest distinctive sound unit, does the English language contain and the English language contains more than 100,000 what, which are the smallest units that carry meaning in language and includes prefixes and suffixes?

Language, thought

We sometimes think in images rather than in words and invent new words to describe new ideas, therefore, we might deduce that thinking affects our what which then affects our what?

Broca's area, Wernicke's area

Aphasia is impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage to what respective area that controls language expression (speaking) and/or what respective area that controls language reception (understanding)?

10 months

The babbling stage begins at around 4 months of age, but at what age do the unrelated phoneme sounds outside an infant's native household tongue begin to disappear?

Linguistic determinism

What term describes Whorf's contention that language determines the way we think which may be too extreme since our words only influence the way we think?

1-2 years old

At what age range do children experience the one-word stage of speech development where they speak mostly in single words?

Semantics, syntax

Grammar is the system of rules that enables us to communicate with one another and what respective rule gives us meaning for morphemes, words, and sentences and what respective rule explains how words are combined into grammatically sensible sentences?

7

By about what age do those who have not been exposed to either a spoken or a signed language gradually lose their ability to master any language?

Two-word stage, telegraphic speech

What term describes the stage in speech development, beginning at age two, where children speak a couple of words per statement using mostly nouns and verbs?

Language

Expanding what increases our ability to think and is the most tangible indication of our thinking power?

Belief perseverance

What term describes clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited?

Confirmation bias, fixation

Respectively, what term describes a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignores contradictory evidence and what term describes the inability to see a problem from a new perspective?

Algorithm, heuristic

Respectively, what term describes a methodical rule or procedure that guarantees the solution to a problem and what term describes a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently, but may also be more error prone?

Intuition

Social psychologist Janis concluded that people often do not use a reflective problem solving approach, they usually just follow their what?

Availability heuristic

What term describes estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory?

Mental set

What term describes a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem?

Insight

What is a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem that contrasts with a strategy-based solution?

Framing

Our judgments and decisions may not be well reasoned, therefore those who understand the power of what can use it to influence important decisions?

Representativeness heuristic

What term describes judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes?

Overconfidence

What term describes the tendency to be more confident than correct and to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments?

120

Studies suggest that a score at or above what number on a standard intelligence test supports creativity?

Cognitive

What type of psychologists study the mental activities associated with processing, understanding, remembering, and communicating?

Convergent thinking

What term describes narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution?

Creativity

What term describes the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable?

Prototype

We often form our concepts by developing a \_____ that describes a mental image or best example of a category?

Concepts

What term describes a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people that helps simplify our thinking?

Divergent thinking

What term describes expanding the number of possible problem solutions?