History 8th Grade Final

Herbert Hoover

Herbert Hoover

31st President. The New York Stock Market Crashes October 29, 1929 "Black Tuesday". The 20th Amendment is passed and added and the 21st Amendment is passed by 1933.

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

Tennessee Valley Authority

New Deal program that built dams to control flooding and produce cheap electric power

Court Packing Plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

Mary McLeod Bethune

A leader in the struggle for women's and black equality. She founded a school for black students that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University. She also served as an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt

John Steinbeck

American novelist who wrote "The Grapes of Wrath". (1939) A story of Dustbowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life.

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.

Stock Market Crash

Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

the government agency that insures customer deposits if a bank fails

Elenor Roosevelt

wife to FDR. most active first lady in history. powerfully influenced the politics of the national gov't battling for the impoverished and oppressed.

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Social Security

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

John L. Lewis

long-time miner and labor leader who organized and led the first important unskilled workers labor union, called in to represent union during sit-down strike

josef stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928-1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush all opposition. wanted to spread communism throughout the world

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich. attracted widespread support, and ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the outbreak of World War II. infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

Invasion of Poland

Germany invaded Poland, breaking their agreement, so Britain and France declared war on Germany, which resulted in the start of World War II

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war

Battle of El Alamein

1942-British victory in WWII that stopped the Axis forces from advancing into Northern Africa. If the germans won, they would've taken over the suez canal

General Douglas MacArthur

commander of the US forces in the Philippine Islands who directed the Allied occupation of Japan

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

Internment of Japanese Americans

Forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the U.S. of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who had lived on the Pacific coast.

Battle of the Bulge

After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Battle of Iwo Jima and Okinawa

Early 1945 battles that showed the Americans how difficult it would be to invade the islands of Japan. Won by Allied Forces.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Battle of Britain

A battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2. leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion. elected president. president during integration of Little Rock Central High School

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Rosie the Riueter

Cultural Icon of the U.S. representing the American women who worked in factories and shipyards during WWII.

Battle of Normandy (D-Day)

1944 (D-Day) Massive aerial and amphibious invasion of France by the Allies in 1944, simultaneous attack on 5 separate beaches. ground troop arriving via boat. Supported by paratroopers landing behind Nazi lines. A navy ship bombard Nazi positions. Goal was to link all 5 beaches and advance through France

Island Hopping Campaign

series of amphibious landings by Allied forces in the pacific during WW2 in which the allied forces combined land, sea and air, fought back, recaptured islands from Japanese forces or blocked their connection with home bases. This was to conquer territory from Japan.

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii by Japan on December 7, 1941. The Japanese were hoping to cripple the American fleet, which had been enforcing Embargo, which denied Japan the raw materials it needed to increase their power and this attack failed leading to Japan's defeat.

Dropping of the atomic bomb

The allies' "Manhattan Project" was the research behind the creation of atomic bombs, and Truman was president during this time. During the final steps of World War II in 1945, the US under President Truman, conducted two atomic bombings against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan .The two bombs were "fat man" and "little boy." The Bockscar dropped the bomb "FAT MAN" on Nagasaki. The Enola Gay dropped the bomb "Little Boy" on Hiroshima.

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Marshall Plan

a plan proposed by George Marshall, for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism. Provided around $17 billion to assist Europe.

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

GI Bill of Rights

Also known as Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 gave money to veterans to study in colleges, universities, gave medical treatment, loans to buy a house or farm or start a new business

Dwight Eisenhower (IKE)

34th PRESIDENT: 1953 to 1961 (Republican) A two term president, he is forever associated with the prosperity of the 1950s. A five-star Army general and Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe during WWII, he reluctantly chose Richard Nixon as his Vice President. He was the first "term-limited" president in accordance with the 22nd Amendment. He was a skillful politician, a tough Cold War warrior, and one of America's most misunderstood and unappreciated presidents.

Douglas MacArthur

United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American government, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any individual of being communists

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

Harry Truman

33rd President of the United States, and became president when Franklin D. Roosevelt died. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war.

Berlin Airlift

airlift given by the US and Britain in joint effort in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

NATO/Warsaw Pact

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) agreement between West European states to provide mutual assistance if any one of them was attacked. the Warsaw Pact was the military alliance including all Communist states

Robert Taft

Ohio senator and Republican candidate in the 1952 presidential election who had become the foremost spokesman for domestic conservatism and for a foreign policy that his enemies branded as isolationist.

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

John Glenn

made the first orbital rocket-powered flight by a United States astronaut in 1962

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927). Communist dictator of cuba and came into power in 1959.

Interstate Highway Act

1956 Eisenhower's law that authorized the spending of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles of highway. Largest publiic works project in history.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. Brown v. Board of Ed.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

John F. Kennedy

35th president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.

James Meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Stokely Carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Betty Friedan

1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".

Shirley Chisholm

1st African American woman elected to Congress (NY) and later made a bid for the Democratic nomination in the 1972 presidential campaign

American Indian Movement

(AIM) led by Dennis Banks and Russell means. A Native American organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

Harry Truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

Little Rock Nine

1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Malcolm X

Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965.

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Americans with Disabilities Act

Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commerical buildings.

Cesar Chavez

Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.

Maggie Kuhn

forced to retire at 65; organized Gray Panthers against age discrimination and protested in D.C.

Miranda v. Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

William Westmoreland

A United States Army General, who commanded US military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak (1964-68), during the Tet Offensive. He adopted a strategy of attrition against the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam and the North Vietnamese Army. He later served as U.S. Army Chief of Staff from 1968 to 1972.

Tet Offensive

a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968.

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

26th Amendment

lowered the voting age to 18

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

Treaty signed in 1972 by the United States and the Soviet Union to slow the nuclear arms race.

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Dien Bien Phu

A town of northwest Vietnam near the Laos border. The French military base here fell to Vietminh troops on May 7, 1954, after a 56-day siege, leading to the end of France's involvement in Indochina.

lyndon johnson

36th President, Became president after JFK's assassination, previously served as a Democratic senator from Texas, where he was both the whip and floor leader. Promoted Kennedy's agenda through Congress, including a tax cut and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, elected in 1964. Called for war against poverty and promoted social and economic welfare legislation (his Great Society program)

Richard Nixon

37th president, Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

Pentagon Papers

Government documents that showed the public had been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam

Apollo 11

made the first lunar landing, July 20, 1969 - Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin with Mike Collins in orbit.

Gerald Ford

Solely elected by a vote from Congress. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. Evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam, closing the war. We are heading toward rapid inflation. He runs again and debates Jimmy Carter. At the debate he is asked how he would handle the communists in eastern Europe and he said there were none and this apparently sealed his fate.

Ngo Dinh Diem

South Vietnamese president that was catholic and strongly opposed communism. His poor leadership and corrupt government spelled doom

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

a resolution adopted by Congress in 1964, this gave the president authority to take "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States."

Kent State Incident

a student anti-war protest at Kent State University that turned deadly when they Ohio National Guard opened fire on protesters; 4 students died, several other were injured

War Powers Act

1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.

Hawks and Doves

Hawks are people who supported the war's goal. and Doves were people who opposed the war.

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Jimmy Carter

39th president, Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.