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i hate musicianship

Name the six key Romantic elements that were explored by 19th century composers:

Emotional endeavor
Length
Melodic lyricism
Programatic
Expansion
Chromaticism

Fill in the blanks:

The Romantic Period in music history spanned from approximately ____ to around ____.

1820 - 1910

What forms of dissonance were explored in the Romantic Era?

Melodic, Harmonic, Rhythmic, Textual

What is melodic unity?

Words attached to themes

Who wrote Missa Solemnis?

Beethoven

What compositional era was this for Beethoven

the 3rd!!!!!

[T/F] Beethovens Missa Solemnis utilizes melodic unity

True

Beethovens Missa Solemnis drew heavily from which 3 composers?

Bach, Mozart, Handel

What are the 5 movements of a mass?

Kyrie
Gloria
Credo
Sanctus
Angusdei

What quote was inscribed on the score of MIssa Solemnis?

"From the heart may it go to the heart"

What did Beethoven hope to do with Missa Solemnis?

He hoped to 'uplift humanity' and move the listener both spiritually and emotionally

[T/F] Beethoven thought Missa Solemnis was his greatest work

True

What is a requiem?

A requiem is a mass for the dead

Who composed Ein deutsches Requiem?

Brahms

What was another name for 'Ein deutsches Requiem'?

"A mass for the living" or "Human Requiem"

Why did some contest classifying 'Ein deutsches Requiem' as a requiem?

It did not fit the traditional catholic requiem model. Brahms pulled from the German Lutheran bible instead of usual Latin liturgical texts. Its focus is also unusual as it focuses on comforting the living.

What does non-liturgical mean?

Does not follow usual religious rules (in this case not in Latin)

Where events do historians believe Brahms might have drawn emotional inspiration from for 'A German Requiem'?

The death of his mother and good friend (happened while he was composing the piece)

What is libretto?

The text of an chorial work

Who composed 'Requiem in D minor'

Gabriel Fauré

What nationality was Beethoven?

German

What nationality was Brahms?

German

What nationality is Gabriel Fauré?

French

What event do historians believe may have influenced 'A Requiem in D minor'?

The passing of Faure's father

[T/F] Faure's 'Requiem in D minor' underwent multiple revisions

True

What did some refer to Requiem in D minor as due to its lack of a "fire and brimstone" movement / more gentle nature?

"Lullaby of Death"

Why do many critics not like 'A Requiem in D minor?'

It lacked the "high drama" or "judgement" part that other requiems had

What was the last movement of 'A Requiem in D minor' called? Why was this unique for the time?

It is called 'In Paradisum' and encompasses the idea of peace instead of judgement, much as the rest of the piece tries to do.

[T/F] Critics did not like 'A Requiem in D minor' when it was released and still do not like it now.

False - Many did not like it at the time but it is one of the most popular Requiems today

What is an oratorio?

An oratorio is the 'opera of the church'. It is meant for content, but people do not dress up in it.

Who wrote Elijah?

Mendelssohn

What nationality is Mendelssohn?

German

[T/F] Mendelssohn was known as the next Bach

False - He was known as the next Mozart

Is Elijah a Mass, an Oratorio, or an Opera?

It is an Oratorio

Why was Elijah written?

It was commissioned by the Birmingham Oratorio Festival in 1845

What effect did Elijah have on the musical community?

It made oratorios popular again

[T/F] Elijah is composed in Latin

False - Elijah has 2 versions, one in English and one in German (know this!)

What are the 3 primary sections of operas/oratorios?

Arias (lyrical, often solos)
Recit (conversation like, drives plot)
Chorus

[While many other sections are integrated, these are the main ones]

When composing Elijah, Mendelssohn drew inspiration from which of the following? (select all that apply)

Handel
Bach
Mozart
Brahms

Bach and Handel

What romantic ideals did Anton Bruckner embody?

Rich harmonic language, strong polyphony, and lengthy works

Review Notes for Anton Bruckner

Review Notes for Anton Bruckne

Who composed Dream of Gerontius?

Elgar

What did Elgar classify Dream of Gerontius as?

He classified it as a mass choral work or a musical drama - he did not like calling it an oratorio

What are some of the romantic ideals that Dream of Gerontius possesses?

It is through composed with very few pauses and it is humanistic

Why was Dream of Gerontius composed?

It was commissioned by the Birmingham Triennial Musical Festival

What is Exoticism?

Exoticism is the opposite of Nationalism - it is writing about a different culture

What did each of the 3 compositional periods for Opera signal?

1st: same as baroque
2nd: inspired by romantic elements (voices change, more drama, vocal literature changes)
3rd: through-composed + outpouring in exoticism

What are the 2 forms of opera? What do they represent?

Opera Buffa and Opera Seria

Buffa - Fiction, can be comedic
Seria - History, can be serious

Who composed Barber of Seville?

Rossini

What compositional period did Barber of Seville mark? Why was this?

Barber of Seville marked the 1st compositional period. The opera was about showing off ability, with words driving the story rather than the music.

Was Barber of Seville Opera Buffa or Opera Seria?

Opera Buffa

What is a Rossini Crescendo?

It is when a same motific event is repeated, getting louder and louder

[T/F] Barber of Seville uses recycled music, which is not a romantic ideal

True

What was unique about the Rossini Overture? (I THINK IDK THO)

It was made from 2 recycled operas yet none of the thematic material appears in the actual opera.

Who composed La Traviata?

Verdi

What period of opera does La Traviata piece characterize? Why?

Period 2

It deals with humanism, love, and death. It makes greater use of chorus, and melodies match the emotional drama.

How does exoticism relate to La Traviata?

La Traviata starts to mess with themes of exoticism. It is set in Paris (France). France is known for their "Grand Opera", and Verdi incorporates some of their ideas into the work. (know this!)

What is Belcanto singing?

Beautiful singing - Singing that shows off the singers abilities

What ethnicity is Rossini?

Italian

What ethnicity is Verdi?

Italian

What is a Grand Opera?

A Grand Opera is a French opera that includes lots of people, dancers, and spectacle.

[T/F] La Traviata adheres to opera form more loosely than previous operas

True

Who wrote the Carmen Opera?

Bizet

What is a Verismo Opera?

An opera about real people with a real story

does Carmen embody exoticism?

No, (for some reason). It is on the cusp of exoticism [Notes say yes, internet says yes, Haltom says no]

What compositional period in opera does Carmen fall into?

It is on the cusp of the 3rd wave (still 2nd)

What is Opera Comique?

It is opera that has 'dialogue' between singers

What romantic ideals does Carmen embody?

It uses melodic unity, foreshadowing, micro themes, and more orchestra

What is the ethnicity of Bizet?

French

How does Carmen foreshadow death?

The opera uses base drums

Who composed Turandot?

Puccini

What romantic ideals did Turnandot embody?

Large orchestra, exoticism, doubling vocal lines, emotional intensity, chromaticism, ALL OF IT

What compositional period was Turandot in (for Opera)?

the 3rd period

What is impressionism?

An impressionism piece is one that give no program and leaves it up to the audience to interpret

[T/F] Turandot utilized impressionism

True

[T/F] Turandot is a 3 act opera

True

[T/F] La Traviata is a 3 act opera

True

Where is Turandot set?

China

Where was Puccini from

Italy

What scale doe Turandot utilize that many other opera do not?

Pentatonic scale

[T/F] Turandot was influenced by Grand Operas in France

True

Which Symphony was Beethovens Solemn Mass similar to?

his 9th symphony

What ethnicity was Bruckner?

Austrian

What was Bruckner considered as?

The emblematic of the final stage of Austro-German Romanticism

Who was Os Justi dedicated to?

Ignaz Traumihler, who was the choir master of the St. Florian Abbey at the time.

When was Rossini—Barber of Seville first written?

1816

When was Beethoven—Missa Solemnis first written?

1819

When was Mendelssohn—Elijah first written?

1845

When was Verdi—La Traviata first written?

1851

When was Wagner—Tristan und Isolde first written?

1857

When was Liszt—Christus first written?

1862

When was Brahms—German Requiem first written?

1865

When was Bizet—Carmen first written?

1873

When was Dvorak—Stabat Mater first written?

1876

When was Bruckner—Os Justi first written?

1879

When was Bruckner—Te Deum first written?

1881

When was Beach—Mass in E-flat Maj. first written?

1886

When was Faure—Requiem first written?

1887

When was Elgar—The Dream of Gerontius first written?

1899

When was Puccini—Turandot first written?

1921