LATIN1 FINAL: multiple choice

The infinitive ending for 2nd conjugation verbs is: a) āre b) ēre c) ere d) īre

b) ēre

the vocative case is used to express:

direct address

the preposition de is followed by what case?

ablative

if you translate “by/with a stone” into Latin, you would use the? (what case, what prep?)

a simple ablative (ablative of means = no prep!)

If the subject of a Latin sentence is plural, the verb must be:

plural

-ne added to the end of the first word of a latins sentence indicates:

a question

the genitive case is used to express:

the posessor of something

of the following prepositions, which is the only one that can occur with either an accusative or ablative? a) in b) ē/ex c) a/ab d) cum

a) in

to express “to” or “for” in Latin, you must use which case?

dative

The infinitive is a Latin verb form best translated into english with:

to __

“y’all were able”:

poteratis

2nd declension nouns are:

mostly masculine, some neuter, no feminine

amābam:

I was loving/ used to love/ kept loving

which is NOT a part of dative posession formula:

a) the verb “to be” in the 3rd person

b) the thing posessed in the nominative

c) the person posessing the dative

d) the posession in the genitive

d) the posession in the genitive

Latin prepositions are used with which 2 cases?

ablative and accusative

T/F: Latin conjunctions and prepositions are NOT declined

True

“Motion to which” is expressed in Latin by prepositions using the:

accusative

The ablative case is NOT used for:

a) subjects

b) accompaniment

c) after certain prepositions

d) manner

a) subjects

which is NOT a future form?

a) orābo

b) orābunt

c) orābat

d) orābis

c) orābat

“on account of anger”

propter īram ( accusative s) ( if it was ablative, of cause, a preposition woyld not be used. accusative is used with propter)

“Love, y’all!”

amatē (plural imperative)

Ea ab agricolā amābātur

she was being loved by the farmer

in which respect does an adjective NOT have to agree with the noun it modifies?

a) ending

b) case

c) number

d) gender

a) ending

Eunt

They go

“The book is mine”

liber est meus

“to hear”

audīre (active infinitive)

The singular active imperative of facio, facere is:

fac! (make!)

“She was good at diligence”

Ea erat bona diligentia (ablative of respect!- ‘she was good in spect to diligence’)

pauca oppidorum

few of the towns

“to be heard”

audiri (passive infinitive)

per vias

through the streets

ducī

to be led (passive infinitive)

“he was overcome by anger”

ira

Temporal clause

Clauses that express time — when, after, as soon as, while, etc. cum = when

• ut = when, as, after

• postquam = after

• ubi = when

• ac/atque = as soon as

Causal clauses

Clauses that express reason — since, because.

Common Introducers:

• cum = since (because)

• quod = because

• quia = because

• quoniam = since

Comparative clauses

Clauses that express comparison — as/than, just as, as if.

Common Introducers:

• quam = than

• ut = as

• tam…quam = so…as

• velut, ac si, tamquam = as if

Concessive Clauses

Clauses that express concession/opposition — although, even though.

Common Introducers:

• quamquam = although

• cum = although/even though

• etsi = even if/although

• tametsi = although

Subordinate Clause

small clause attached to the main clause and cannot stand alone

Subjunctive

A verb form that expresses idea, intention, purpose, indirect command, result, etc

Protasis

The “if” part of a conditional sentence — the condition

Apodosis

The result of the condition — what happens if the protasis is true

si, nisi

if, unless typically used in conditionals

Possible conditon

A condition that is actually possible or unknown: Protasis: si + indicative
Apodosis: indicative (present or future)

If he comes, I listen'

If he comes, I will listen

Indicative

he verb form Latin uses when it is talking about something real, factual, or actually happening (or will happen) He comes

• He came

• He will come

FMV

• protasis can use future or future perfect

• apodosis most likley uses future

• English uses present tense to express future time (in future perfect or future) in IF statements

• future not automatic: you don’t automatically put ‘will’ in English after ‘if,’ even when Latin uses future

Future most vivid

protasis ephasized (if and only if)

rule for tenses in protasis & apodosis

tenses match in past, present and future

PREPOSITIONS + ACCUSATIVE

Prepositions that take the accusative show MOTION TOWARD, DIRECTION, or GOAL

• ad = to, toward

• in = into, onto (with accusative)

• per = through, across

• propter = because of/ on account of

PREPOSITIONS + ABLATIVE

Prepositions that take the ablative show LOCATION, POSITION, SEPARATION, or ORIGIN.

• in = in, on (with ablative)

• ā/ab = from, by (agent)

• dē = down from, about

• ē/ex = out of

• cum = with

• sine = without

• prō = for, on behalf of

PREPOSITIONS THAT CAN TAKE EITHER ACC OR ABL

Some prepositions take accusative OR ablative depending on whether the action shows MOTION or LOCATION

in: Accusative = Motion (into/onto), Ablative = Location (in/on/under)

ABLATIVE OF MEANS (Instrument)

Shows the tool, object, or means used to do something.

ABLATIVE noun alone (no preposition)

English Translation

• “with,” “by,” “using”

ABLATIVE OF AGENT (Personal Agent)

Shows the person who performs an action in a passive sentence

ā/ab + ablative (person)

he was killed by the enemies

ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT

Shows someone accompanying someone else.

cum + ablative (person)

ABLATIVE OF MANNER

Shows HOW an action is done (the style, manner).

• ablative noun

• often cum + noun
  (if the noun has no adjective)

• Cum disappears if there is an adjective

ABLATIVE OF SOURCE/ORIGIN

Shows where something comes from.

ā/ab, ē/ex, dē + ablative

ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION

Shows separation from something (no movement required).

ā/ab, dē, ē/ex + ablative

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

refer back to the subject of the sentence (“self” pronouns: myself, yourself, herself, etc.)

• mē = myself

• tē = yourself

• nōs = ourselves

• vōs = yourselves

INTENSIVE PRONOUNS

emphasize a noun or pronoun, but DO NOT act as its direct object

(“emphasis” pronouns: himself, herself, itself — but not reflexive)

“the queen herself,” “I myself,” “Lucius himself.”