body systems and anatomical direction and nervous system

what is the anatomical position

forward facing, palms forward

superior (cranial/cephalad)

towads head or upper part of body

inferior (caudal)

away from head or towards lower part of body

ventral (anterior)

at front of body or infornt of thing

dorsal (posterior)

towards back of body, behind

medial

towards middle of body, on ineer

midline

line down middle of body

lateral

away from middle on outer

intermedial

between medial and lateral structure

proximal

close to origin or trunk

distal

farther from origin or trunk

superficial (external)

towards/at body surface

deep (internal)

away/under body surface

sagittal plane

divided into left and right parts (not nessacary equal)

median or marganite plane

divide into equal left and right body parts

front or coronal plane

divides into anterior posterior

transvers or cross plane

divides into superior and inferior parts

2 parts of nervous system

central nervous system and periphral nervous system

what makes up the CNS

brain and spinal cord

What makes up the PNS

all nerves minus the brain and spinal cord

3 functions of the nervous system

sensory, intergrative, motor

what does the nerve function sensory do

gets info

what does the nerve function intergrative do

brings info all together

what does the nervous system function motor do

response to signals

what are the 2 parts of the motor function

somatic nervous system and automatic nervous system

what is a key charateristic of the somatic nervous system

voluntary

what makes up somatic nervous sytem

skeletal

what makes up the automatic nervous system

smooth muscles, glands

what are neuroglia cells

support cells for neurons

what type of cell is oligodendrocytes

neuroglia

oligodendrocytes

makes mylien sheates

what type of cell is astrocytes

neuroglia

what does astrocytes do

recycle neurotransmitters, support neurons, maintain homeostasis

what type of cells is microglial cells

neuroglia cells

what do microglial cells

immune defence in CNS

what type of cells is ependymal cells

neuroglia cells

ependymal cells

forms lining of cavitiws in brain

capillary

blood vessels

mylin sheaths

insulates and speeds up nerve signals

nodes of ranvier

where the electrical impulse jumps between, parts of axon, gaps in insulation

axon

transmits impluses

dendrite

receives info

mangelin

insulation around axons

white matter

myelinated

grey matter

unmyelinated

synapse

junction between neurons

2 types of neurotransmitters

excitatory, inhibitory

excitatory neurotransmitters

increase membrane permeability, better chance for threashhold to be acheived 

inhibitory

decrease membrane permeability, lower chance for threashhold to be acheive

what does the cerebral hemisphere do

higher mental function

what is the cerebral hemisphere made of

made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

frontal lobe

reasoning thinking

broca’s era

speech

parietal lobe

touch, pain

occipital lobe

visual area

temporal lobe

auditory area

where is the diencephlon

sits on brain stem, enclosed by ceribral hemispheres

what makes up the diencephalon

thalamus

hypothalamus

epithalamus

what makes up brain stem

midbrain

pons

medulla oblongata

where is the cerebellum

under ocipital lobe

what makes up the cerecellum

white matter surroned by grey matter

what does the cerebellum do

helps with movement

meninges

covering of brain

what are the 3 part of meninges

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

menigites

resultes in swelling of brain tissue and sometimes spinal tissue

dura mater

outermost layer of meninges

arachnoid mater

cells betweem dura mater and pia mater

what is a charecteristic of the arachnoid mater

no blood cells, looks like spider web

pia mater

inner membrane

what does the pia mater do

has nerves and blood vessels nourish cerebrospinal fluid

cerebrospinal fluid

similar to blood plasma, cushion for brain

nervous system disorder

effects movement, sensation, thinking, and behavior

alzhemiers

degerative brain disorder

what does alzemiers cause

memory loss confusion and behavior changes

what causes alzhemiers

built up plaques and tangles of protiens

can you cure alzheimers

meds can help, no cure

parkinsons

movement disorder

what is parkinsons caused by

progressive loss of dopamine

what does parkinsons cause

tremors, stiffness, slowness, balance issues

what can treat parkinsons

meds, physical therapy, surgery

epilepsy

seizure disorder

what is the cause of epilepsy

abnormlal brain electrical activity

what does eplilepsy cause

seizures, confusion, loss of awareness,

treatments of epilepsy

meds, surgery, life managment

multiple sclerosis

autoimmue disorder

what does MS cause

immune system to attack nerve covering, causes muscle weakness, vision problems, fatigue

what is treatment for MS

immunosuppressants, PT, life management

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

moto neuron disease

what does Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis cause

degration of motor skills through neurons

causes muscles weakness, difficult speaking/swallowing, paralysis

what are treatments ofAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

meds can slow but can’t treat

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

derogative brain contion from repeated head trauma

who is Chronic traumatic encephalopathy common i

athelets and veterans

what are some sympotoms of Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

memory loss, mood swings, aggression, depression

what are treatments of Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

no cure can try to prevent throygh awarness and saftey

stroke

vascualr disease

what causes stroke

blocks blood to brain which causes cell death

what are symptoms of a stroke

weakness, speech difficulty, face dropping

what are treatments for stroke

emergency clot drugs or surger

periphal neuropathy

nerve damage

what causes periphral neuropathy

diabeters, infection, injuries, toxins