k202 exam 2

where are the 2 sesamoid bones in the foot located?

on the medial and lateral head of the 1st metatarsal

tarsal bone names

calcaneous, talus, navicular, medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform, and the cuboid

what tendon are the sesamoid bones of the foot embedded into?

the flexor hallucis brevis

what are the 3 arches of the foot?

medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, and transverse

what is the purpose of the arches of the foot?

shock absorption

normal foot arch

pes rectus

high foot arch

pes cavus

low foot arch

pes planus

what bones make up the subtalar joint

talus and calcaneous

why does the subtalar joint have 2 articulation points?

the sinus tarsi (gap in the middle)

what is the “true ankle joint”?

the talocrural joint

what are the 2 types of triplanar motion? what joint do they occur at?

pronation and supination, subtalar joint

what movements combine to form pronation?

eversion, abduction, plantar flexion

what movements combine to form supination?

inversion, adduction, dorsiflexion

what ligaments are found on the lateral side of the foot?

posterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament, anterior talofibular ligament

what ligaments make up the lateral collateral ligament?

posterior tibiofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament, anterior tibiofibular ligament

what ligaments are found on the medial side of the foot?

posterior tibiotalar ligament, tibiocalcaneal ligament, tibionavicular ligament, anterior tibiotalar ligament, and plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)

what ligaments make up the deltoid ligament?

posterior tibiotalar ligament, anterior tibiotalar ligament, tibiocalcaneal ligament, tibionavicular ligament

what structures are on the plantar surface of the foot?

long plantar ligament, calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament, plantar fascia

what muscles are located in the 1st layer of the plantar muscles?

abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digitorum brevis

what muscles are located in the 2nd layer of the plantar muscles?

lumbricals, quadratis plantae

what muscles are located in the 3rd layer of the plantar muscles?

adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis, flexor hallucis brevis

what muscles are located in the 4th layer of the plantar muscles?

plantar interossei, dorsal interrosei

what is the action of the flexor digitorum brevis?

flexion of the metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of toes 2-5

what is the innervation of the flexor digitorum brevis?

medial plantar nerve

what is the action of the abductor hallucis?

abduction and flexion of the 1st metatarsopholangeal joint 

what is the innervation of the abductor hallucis?

medial plantar nerve

what is the action of the abductor digiti minimi?

abduction and flexion of the 5th metatarsophalangeal joint

what is the innervation of the abductor digiti minimi?

lateral plantar nerve

what is the action of the quadratus plantae?

flexion of the metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints of toes 2-5. 

what is the innervation of the quadratus plantae?

lateral plantar nerve

what muscle does the quadratus plantae assists?

the flexor digitorum longus

what is the action of the lumbricals?

flexion of the metatarsophalangeals and extension of the proximal interphalangeal joints of toes 2-5

what is the innervation of the lumbricals?

lateral plantar nerve

what is the action of the flexor hallucis brevis?

flexion of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe

what is the innervation of the flexor hallucis brevis?

medial plantar nerve

what is the action of the adductor hallucis?

adduction of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe

what is the innervation of the adductor hallucis?

lateral plantar nerve

what is the action of the adductor hallucis?

adduction of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe

what is the innervation of the adductor hallucis?

lateral plantar nerve

what is the action of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?

flexion of the metatarsophalangeal join of the 5th toe

what is the innervation of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?

lateral panter nerve

what is the action of the plantar interossei?

adduction and flexion of the metatarsophalangeal joints and extension of the proximal and distal interphalangeal of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes

what is the innervation of the plantar interossei?

lateral plantar nerve

what is the action of the dorsal interrosei?

abduction and flexion of the metatarsophalangeal joints and extension of the proximal and distal interpahalangeal joints of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th.

what is the action of the extensor digitorum brevis?

extendes the proximal and distal interphalanageal joints of 2-4.

what is the innervation of the extensor digitorum brevis?

deep peroneal (fibular) nerve

what is the action of the extensor hallucis brevis?

extension of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe

what is the innervation of the extensor hallucis brevis?

deep peroneal (fibular) nerve

what nerves supply the dorsal foot?

deep peroneal (fibular) nerve, superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve, sural nerve, and saphenous nerve

what actions does the deep peroneal (fibular) nerve handle?

sensory and motor

what actions does the superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve handle?

sensory and motor

what actions does the sural nerve handle?

sensory only

what artery gives you the dorsal pedal pulse?

the anterior tibial artery

what artery gives you the posterior tibial pulse?

the posterior tibial artery

what does the anterior tibial artery split into?

the lateral tarsal artery, dorsal metatarsal artery, digital artery

what does the posterior tibial artery split into?

the medial plantar artery and lateral plantar artery

what actions do the distal interphalangeal joint perform?

flexion and extension

what actions does the proximal interphalangeal joints perform?

flexion and extension

what actions do the metatarsophalangeal joints perform?

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

what actions does the subtalar joint perform?

pronation and supination

what is the flow of blood from the heart to the popliyeal artery?

heart, aorta, abdominal aorta, common iliac artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery

what does the popliteal artery split into?

peroneal artery, posterior tibial artery, anterior tibial artery

what does the posterior tibial artery split into?

medial and lateral plantar artery

what does the anterior tibial artery split into?

dorsal pedal artery, digital artery, dorsal metatarsal artery, lateral tarsal artery

what three joints make up the ankle complex?

talocrural joint, subtalar joint, distal tibiofibular joint

what bones make up the talocrural joint?

the talus and and tibia/fibula

what bones make up the subtalar joint?

the talus and calcaneous

what joint does most ankle motion occur at?

the talocrural joint?

what bones make up the distal tibiofibular joint?

tibia and fibula

how many degrees away from resting is plantar flexion?

50

how many degrees from resting is dorsiflexion?

20

how many degrees from resting is inversion?

30

how many degrees from resting is eversion?

15

forefoot abduction

movement of the forefoot away from the midline, due to external rotation of the shank

forefoot adduction

movement of the forefoot toward the midline, due to internal rotation of the shank

what actions make up pronation? where do the actions occur at?

eversion (subtalar), abduction (forefoot), plantar flexion (talocrural)

what actions make up supination? where do the actions occur at?

adduction (forefoot), inversion (subtalar), dorsiflexion (talocrural)

what ligaments are present at the distal tibiofibular joint?

anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament, and posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

what kind of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

a syndesmosis joint

what is the main action for all muscles in the anterior muscle compartment?

dorsiflexion

what is the innervation of all muscles in the anterior muscle compartment?

deep peroneal nerve

what muscles make up the anterior muscle compartment?

tibialis anterior, peroneus tertius, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus

what is the origin of the tibialis anterior?

lateral tibial condyle

what is the insertion of the tibialis anterior?

medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal

what is the action of the tibialis anterior?

dorsiflexion of the ankle, subtalar inversion

what is the innervation of the tibialis anterior?

deep peroneal nerve

what is the origin of the extensor digitorum longus?

lateral condyle of the tibia

what is the insertion of the extensor digitorum longus?

middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5

what is the action of the extensor digitorum longus?

dorsiflexion of the ankle, subtalar eversion, extension of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints

what is the innervation of the extensor digitorum longus?

deep peroneal nerve

what is the origin of the extensor hallucis longus?

anterior aspect of the fibula and interosseous membrane

what is the insertion of the extensor hallucis longus?

distal phalanx of the great toe

what is the action of the extensor hallucis longus?

extension of the great toe, dorsiflexion of the ankle, subtalar inversion

what is the innervation of the extensor hallucis longus?

deep peroneal nerve

what is the origin of the peroneus tertius?

distal third of the fibula and interroseus membrane

what is the insertion of the peroneus tertius?

dorsal surface of the base of the 5th metatarsal

what is the action of the peroneus tertius?

dorsiflexion of the ankle, subtalar eversion

what is the innervation of the peroneus tertius?

the deep peroneal nerve