Zhang Bio 3.8-3.11

Active Transport

The movement of a substance against its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins and requiring an input of energy(often as ATP)

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Transport protein that actively moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, both against their concentration gradients.

Exocytosis

The movement of materials out of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.

Endocytosis

The cellular uptake of molecules or particles via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane.

Phagocytosis

Cellular "eating"; a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the infolding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in.

Hypercholesterolemia

Disease where receptor proteins whom LDLs attach to are missing.

Energy

The capacity to cause change to perform work.

Kinetic Energy

The energy associated with the motion of objects. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter.

Thermal Energy

Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy in its most random form.

Heat

Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another.

Potential Energy

The energy that matter possesses because of its location or spatial arrangement.

Chemical energy

The energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy.

Thermodynamics

The study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter.

System

The matter under study.

Surroundings

Everything outside the system; the rest of the universe.

Principle of conservation of energy

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

Entropy

A measure of disorder, or randomness.

Thermodynamics 2nd law

Every energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat.

Exergonic reaction

Energy-releasing chemical reaction in which the reactants contain more potential energy than the products.

Metabolism

The totality of an organism's chemical reactions.

Metabolic pathway

A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds.

Energy coupling

In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.

Endergonic reaction

An energy-requiring chemical reaction, which yields products with more potential energy than the reactants.

Photosynthesis

Energy-poor reactants, input of sunlight(energy) → energy-rich sugar