Rounds the value of a double to the nearest whole number.
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Abstract Class
A class, usually at the top of a Class Hierarchy, that cannot be instantiated, because not all of its methods are defined.
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Abstract Method
A method, written in an Abstract Class, that is not defined. The word `abstract` must come right before the method's return type. It is up to the subclass to fill in the definition for the abstract method.
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Accessor Method
A method that enables user to obtain information about an object’s instance and static variables. Also referred to as getter methods.
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Assigning to a variable
To update the variable's value.
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Attributes of an object
An object’s characteristics (Instance Variables).
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Behaviors (Class Methods)
The behavior of an object is what the object is able to do. It is the actions that can be performed by the object.
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Boolean
A Java primitive type that can either be true or false
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Break
Breaks out of a while loop and executes statements that immediately follow while loop.
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Calling a Method
objectName.method() - Calling a method actually gives the command, so the computer will run the code for that method.
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Casting
Turning something of one type into another type.
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Char
A Java type that represents a single character (a single letter)
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Class
A class is a template, or a blueprint, from which Java objects are created. All Java programs start with a class.
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Class Hierarchy
Class Hierarchy refers to the arrangement of classes and how they relate to each other.
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Client
When someone else creates a Class (like `String`, or `Randomizer`), and you are using the functionality of that Class in your program, your program is a *client* of the class. You are using the class as a client.
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Compile Time Error
An error in the actual Java code. The code will not **compile** into an executable program, because there are errors in the text of the code.
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Concatenation
The process of adding two String values together. This creates a new String object. Primitives can be concatenated with String objects.
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Constructor
A constructor is a special method of a Class that constructs a new object (a new instance) of the Class and sets the initial values for the instance variables.
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Declare a variable
Declaring a variable is defining it for the first time.
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Defining a Method
To teach the computer a new command and explain what it should do when receiving that command.
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Double
A Java type that represents a real number with decimal values
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Encapsulation
The process of hiding the implementation details of a class from the user
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Exception
An exception is thrown by Java when a **runtime error** is encountered. The exception provides information about what kind of error occurred.
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For Loop
A for loop lets us repeat code a **fixed number of times.**
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Getter Method
An instance method that allows the client to **get** the value of an instance variable on an object.
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If Statement
Executes code only if condition is true
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Immutable
Unable to be changed or manipulated. String are immutable.
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Inheritance
When a subclass extends a superclass, the subclass inherits all of the static methods, static variables, and public instance methods of the superclass. This is called inheritance.
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Initializing a Variable
Initializing a variable is giving it an initial value.
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Instance
A created object with defined attributes.
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Instance method
An instance method is a method that defines the behavior of an object. It defines an action that the object can perform.
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Instance Variable
A variable defined in a Class, for which each object of the class has its own copy.
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Local Variable
A variable that is defined in a method or constructor. It only exists in the context of the method that it belongs to.
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Loop and a half
A loop, most often set with while(true), that has a break in the loop body.
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Method
Procedures that allow us to control and define the behavior of an object.
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Method Overloading
Methods can have multiple signatures. Java will use the correct signature based on the actual parameters used in a program.
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Method Overriding
If a subclass defines a new method body for a method defined in the superclass, then the subclass has **overridden** the method of the superclass.
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Mutator Method
A method that enables user to change the value of an object’s instance and static variables.
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New
Necessary keyword for instantiating a new class object.
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Object
An object is a variable of a data type that is user defined. Every object has a state and a behavior.
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Object Oriented Programming
Programming model that focuses on **objects** and the data and actions associated with the objects.
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Parameter
A variable passed into a method from outside the method.
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Polymorphism
An object can take on different forms depending on its implementation. Java can call the correct method even when an object is disguised as a more generic reference type
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Primitive Type
Primitive types are the basic, simple data types that are inherent to Java (int, double, char, and boolean)
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Public
Allows access to data and methods from classes outside the declaring class.
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Return
Keyword used in methods to return a value back to the initial program that called the method.
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Return Type
Indicates what type value is being returned from the method
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Return Value
The value that is returned from a method.
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Scope
In what part of the program the variable exits
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Sentinal
A constant that has the specific purpose of being the value that breaks out of a loop.
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Setter Method
An instance method that allows the client to **set** the value of an instance variable on an object.
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Shadowing
If two variables within the same scope have the same name, the variable with the more specific scope will be called.
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State
The data that is associated with an object or class.
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Static Method
A method called on the Class, rather than on a specific object of the Class.
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Static Variable
A variable or attribute of a class that is shared between **all** instance of a class. Each instance **does not** get their own copy.
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String
A sequence of characters
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Subclass
A child class that inherits attributes and behaviors from a superclass (parent).
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Super
The super keyword lets us reference the superclass when writing code inside of a subclass.
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Superclass
A parent class that contains common attributes and behaviors used by subclasses (children).
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this
Refers to the current object
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toString
toString is a special method you write in your class that returns a String representation of the object.
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