3019PSY Mod 4 Word Recognition

parallel distributed processing (PDP) / triangle model to reading

the three processes of reading are semantics, phonology, and orthography

visual orthographic analysis module

identifies what letters are and codes them into their correct positions

orthographic input lexicon

a store of what visually familiar words look like

grapheme-phoneme conversion module

a store of our letter-to-sound rules

regularisation errors

pronouncing a word in an incorrect but logically sound way

semantic system (word recognition)

a store of the meaning and associates of known words

orthographic output lexicon

a store of all the words that we know how to write down

orthographic output buffer

a temporary store of the words/ letters we intend to write down

phonological output lexicon

a store of all of the words and letter strings we know how to pronounce

phonological output buffer

a temporary store of the sounds that we intend to utter

phoneme-grapheme conversion module

a store of all our sound-to-letter rules

dyslexia

a reading deficit or problem that may be acquired or developmental

developmental dyslexia

failing to meet age appropriate reading standards with normal intellectual functioning and educational opportunities

peripheral dyslexias

dyslexias caused by deficits at early stages of the word recognition model (aka the VOAM)

central dyslexias

dyslexias caused by more deeply rooted deficits in the word recognition model

neglect dyslexia

where a patient neglects to read one half of a word

pure alexia

inability to read whole words but an ability to read words letter-by-letter; caused by damage to the left inferior occipital lobe and corpus callosum

alexia

any acquired dyslexia

letter position dyslexia

issues with correctly arranging letter position while reading; called transposition errors

transposition errors

incorrectly arranging letters while reading

attentional dyslexia

difficulty isolating attention to letters/ words while reading, often resulting in migration errors

migration errors

re-arranging letter positions across words while reading

surface dyslexia

difficulty reading irregular words caused by deficits in the lexical route to reading

source of surface dyslexia

the orthographic input lexicon, the conncetion between the orthographic input lexicon and the semantic system, and the connection between the orthographic input lexicon and the phonological output lexicon

phonological dyslexia

difficulty reading nonwords / unfamiliar words; caused by deficits in the nonlexical route to reading

sources of phonological dyslexia

access to the grapheme-phoneme conversion module, the graphene-phoneme conversion module, and output of the grapheme-phoneme conversion module

direct route dyslexia

difficulty accessing the meaning of words caused by a deficit of the semantic system

deep dyslexia

an acquired dyslexia characterised by 8 symptoms, primarily semantic errors

treatment of neglect dyslexia

finger tracking, vertical presentation of words, tapping next to words, placing a number next to words

treatment of pure alexia

multiple oral reading strategy

treatments of letter position dyslexia

finger tracking

treatment of attentional dyslexia

word-sized cutout, finger tracking

treatment of surface dyslexia

flashcards, repeat exposure to irregular words (written and spoken), sentence completion task

treatment of phonological and deep dyslexia

training of letter-sound correspondences

semantic errors

incorrectly reading a target word as a semantically related word (eg cost → money)

visual errors

incorrectly reading a target word as a visually similar word (eg signal → single)

visual-then-semantic error

incorrectly reading a target word as a visually similar, then semantically related word (eg sympathy → symphony → orchestra)

morphological / derivation error

incorrectly reading the end of a word (eg edition → editor)

imageability effect

a patient is better at reading highly imageable than abstract words (eg tree/ truth)

function word substitution

replacing function words with other function words (eg with → where)

LH cause of the inability to read nonwords

grapheme-phoneme conversion (left hemisphere account to deep dyslexia)

LH cause of semantic errors, the imageability effect, and morphological errors

semantic system (left hemisphere account to deep dyslexia)

LH cause of visual errors

orthographic input lexicon (left hemisphere account to deep dyslexia)

LH cause of poor word reading and function word errors

connection between the orthographic input lexicon and phonological output lexicon (left hemisphere account to deep dyslexia)

LH cause of correctly understanding printed words yet still making semantic errors

connection between the semantic system and phonological output lexicon (left hemisphere account to deep dyslexia)

RH cause of inability to read nonwords

nonexistent grapheme-phoneme conversion module (right hemisphere account to deep dyslexia)

RH cause of the imageability effect

better performance for concrete compared to abstract words in the right hemisphere (right hemisphere account to deep dyslexia)

RH cause of semantic errors

semantic errors are more common in people with a damaged left hemsiphere (right hemisphere account to deep dyslexia)

RH cause of poor function word performance

function words are poorly represented in the right hemisphere (right hemisphere account to deep dyslexia)

RH cause of morphological errors

syntactic processing is worse in the right hemsipere (right hemisphere account to deep dyslexia)

RH cause of visual errors

poor word representation in the right hemisphere (right hemisphere account to deep dyslexia)

left hemisphere

more often damaged in people with deep dyslexia

left occipital and occipitotemporal regions

associated with orthographic processing

superior and middle temporal gyrus + BA21 and BA22 areas

involved in semantic processing

frontal operculum in the left hemisphere

associated with phonological output