Chemistry review

Flashcards based on the video lecture notes to help review key concepts.

Acid

A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.

Base

A substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.

Salt

An ionic compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base.

Cation

Positive ion

Anion

Negative ion

Neutralization reaction

Reaction between Acid + Base - Salt + Water

Alkali (base)

Always contain Hydroxide and Metals.

Acids

Contains hydrogen ions.

Salt

A substance which neither contains H+ ion nor OH-

pH

Refers to power of hydrogen.

Soluble Salts

All sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts.

Soluble Salts

All Nitrates.

Soluble Salts

Chlorides, except silver and lead chloride.

Soluble Salts

Sulphates except calcium, barium, and lead.

Insoluble Salts

All other Carbonates except sodium, potassium and ammonium Carbonates

Base

All metallic oxides and hydroxides are bases.

All other hydroxides

Are insoluble, except sodium, potassium and amonium hydrates.

Polyatomic ions

Ions made of multiple atoms.

Titration

Titration is a method of analysing the concentration of a solution.

Insoluble salt

Can be Metal, base, carbonate.

Carbonic acid

A weak acid formed when CO₂ reacts with water.

Citrates

Salts formed using citric acid.

Carbonates

A salt such as calcium carbonate.

Chemical Reaction

A reaction where atoms are rearranged into new combinations

Preparation of soluble salts from insoluble oxide or carbonate

Excess solid filtered off.

Preparation of soluble salts from metal and acid

To remove excess metal by filtration

Crystal

The final product of evaporation and cooling.

Titration

A process for preparing soluble salts.

Law of conservation of mass

Law stating mass is conserved.

Silver Chloride

AgCl(s)

Calcium Hydroxide

Ca(OH)2

Barium Sulfate

BaSO4

Calcium Sulfate

CaSO4

Magnesium Carbonate

MgCO3

Lead Sulfate

Pb2SO4

malachite

copper cabonate

Hydrochloric acid

HCl

Sodium Hydroxide

NaOH

Sodium Chloride

NaCl

Sodium Nitrate

NaNO3

Silver Nitrate

AgNO3

Barium Nitrate

Ba(NO3)2

Sodium Sulfate

Na2SO4

Calcium Nitrate

Ca(NO3)2

Sodium Carbonate

Na2CO3

Magnesium Nitrate

Mg(NO3)2

Lead Nitrate

Pb(NO3)2

Sulfuric Acid

H2SO4

Zinc Sulfate

ZnSO4

Copper Oxide

CuO

Nitric Acid

HNO3

Magnesium Carbonate

MgCO3

Displacement Reaction

Carbon displaces zinc, tin, iron, and lead from their ores.

Carbonates

Salts made from carbonic acids are called carbonates.

Citric Acid

Citric acid in fruits such as oranges or lemons.

Salt Formation

Reacting metals with dilute acids is a good way of making salts.

Unreactive Metals

Some metals are too unreactive to displace hydrogen from an acid, like silver and copper.

Neutralization

Alkalis react with acids to neutralize them. When acids are neutralized, salt is made.

Metal Oxides

Metal oxide dissolves in water to form an alkaline solution. Metal oxides are bases.

Alkalis

Soluble metal bases form alkalis when dissolved in water.

Insoluble Metal Oxides

Some metal oxides aren't soluble in water, like Fe and Cu oxide. They react with acids to form salts.

Neutralization

By neutralisation of soluble acids with excess insoluble oxide and carbonate.

Law of conservation of mass

Same mass at the end of reaction as at start.

Preparing Salts

Preparing soluble salts from acid with excess metal.

Insoluble Salts

Insoluble salts made from soluble salt plus a soluble salt.

Salt Production

A salt plus water is made from metal oxide plus acid.

Salt Production

A salt, water and carbon dioxide is made from metal carbonate plus acid

Titration indicator

Universal indicator added to alkalai for colour change.

Soluble salt

Metal + acid -> Salt + hydrogen gas.

Soluble salt

Metaloxide + acid -> Salt & water.

Soluble salt

Metal carbonate + acid -> salt + water + carbon di.

Soluble Salt

Acid + alkali -> Salt & water.

Preparation of crystals

When some of the water has evaporated, let the solution cool (allows crystallization to take place).

Preparation of crystals

Allow the crystals to dry naturally in air.

Gas production

Offerverscence (CO2) is released when creating acid with insoluble carbonate.

Acid and metal

Place dilute acid in a beaker when creating acid with excess metal.

Acid and metal

Carefully add small amounts of metal while stirring - make sure there is not too much effervescence.

Acid and metal

Filter the solution into an evaporating dish to remove excess-metal.

Acid and metal

Transfer mixture to a tripod and carefully warm it to remove some water.

Zn + 2 HCl -> ZnCl2 + H2

Zinc and hydrochloric acid

Insoluble salt

Metal carbonate + Acid-> salt + water +CO2

Precipitate reaction

Process for obtaining insoluble salt.

Insoluble Salt

A water insoluble compound of two or more elements

Filtration

Filter excess solid after creating soluble salts from acids.

Salt

The product of the reaction between an acid and a base

crystal wash

Wash crystal in cold water to purify

crystal drying

Dry the crystal between filter paper

Salt

Soluble salt is dissolved in water. Insoluble salt results from precipitate reaction

Dilute Acid

Excess Zinc is filtered.

Acids

Known as containing hydrogen ions

Tripod

Transfer to evaporation dish to remove solid

Base

All mettalic oxides and hydroxides are bases

Carbon

Carbon displace zinc,iron,tin and lead from their ores

Salt

Preparation of insoluble salts precipitate

Ions

Polyatomic ions consist of NH4, PO4, OH- and N03

Salts

Known at reacting metals with dilute acids

Coral

Known as skeleton's of coral made from calcium carbonate that react with acids

Atoms

Known in chemical reaction

turn off heat

React faster at high temp

worm the misture

Gently warm misture to experaty some water