Chapter 3: Fieldwork and Ethnography

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29 Terms

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Ethnographic Fieldwork

Living and interacting with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives

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Culture Shock

A sense of disorientation caused by the overwhelmingly new and unfamiliar people and experiences encountered everyday

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Salvage Ethnography

Fieldwork strategy developed by Franz Boas to collect cultural, material, linguistic, and biological info about Native American populations being devastated by westward expansion of European settlers

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Bronislaw Marinowski

Examined the Kula Ring

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Kula Ring

An elaborate system of exchange; many people traveled across many islands in an exchange of Kula valuables (shell-necklaces and armbands); also set new standards for fieldwork and to live in communities we analyze

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Participant Observation

Anthropology research strategy involving both participation in and observation of the daily life of the people being studied; cornerstone of fieldwork

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Synchronic Approach

For fieldwork; sought to control experiments by limiting consideration of the larger historical and social context in order to isolate as many variables as possible

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Annette Weiner

Found that women had equally important economic roles and equally valuable accumulations of wealth on the Trobriand Islands (ignored by Malinowski)

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Reflexivity

Critical self examination of the role the anthropologist plays and an awareness that one’s identity affects one’s fieldwork and theoretical analysis

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Engaged Anthropology

Application of the research strategies and analytical perspectives of anthropology to address concrete challenges facing local communities and the world at large

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Anthropologist’s Toolkit

The tools needed to conduct fieldwork, including information, perspectives, strategies and equipment

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Quantitative Data

Statistical info about a community that can be measured and compared

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Qualitative Data

Descriptive data drawn from non statistical sources, including personal stories, interviews, life histories, and participant observation

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Rapport

Established through participant observation; relationships of trust and familiarity that an anthropologist develops with members of the community under study

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Key Informant

Community member who advises the anthropologist community issues, provides feedback, and warns against cultural miscues; also called cultural consultant

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Life History

A form of interview that traces the biography of a person over time, examining changes in the person’s life and illuminating the interlocking network of relationships in the community

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Survey

An info-gathering tool for quantitative data analysis

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Kinship Analysis

A fieldwork strategy of examining interlocking relationships of power built on marriage and family ties

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Social Network Analysis

A method for examining relationships in a community often conducted by identifying whom people turn to in times of need

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Field Notes

Written observations and reflections on places, events, practices, and interviews

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Mapping

Analysis of the physical and/or geographic space where fieldwork is being conducted

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Built Environment

The intentionally designed features of human settlement, including buildings, transportation and public service infrastructure, and public spaces; has power to shape human life

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Zeroes

Elements of a story or a picture that are not told or seen and yet offer key insights into issues that may be too sensitive to discus or display publicly

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Mutual Transformation

The potential for both the anthropologist and the members of the community being studied to be transformed by the interactions of fieldwork

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Emic Perspective

An approach to gathering data that investigates how local people think and how they understand the world

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Etic Perspective

Description of local behavior and beliefs from an anthropologist’s perspective in ways that can be compared across cultures

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Polyvocality

The practice of using many different voices in the ethnographic writing and research question development, allowing the reader to hear more directly from the people in the study; they do this by interviews

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Informed Consent

A key strategy for protecting those being studied by ensuring that they’re fully informed of the goals of the project and have clearly indicated their consent to participate

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Anonymity

Protecting the identities of the people involved in a study by changing or omitting their names or other identifying characteristics