Chapter 9, Empires Collide

TAIPING UPRISING

Intensely violent civil war in Qing China during the middle of the 1800s fought over economic and religious concerns

BOXER REBELLION

Failed peasant uprising seeking to drive foreign powers out of China in 1900

MEIJI RESTORATION

Government coup that marked the beginning of Japanese modernization and imperialism

OPIUM WARS

Series of armed conflicts between Qing China and Western powers in the middle of the 1800s

SELF-STRENGTHENING MOVEMENT

Unsuccessful effort to modernize and reform China in the second half of the 1800s

"SICK MAN OF EUROPE"

Nickname given to the Ottoman Empire as its political and economic influence slowly eroded

TANZIMAT REFORMS

Series of edicts aimed at updating legal and economic policies in the Ottoman Empire

YOUNG OTTOMANS

Organization opposed to modernization and reform efforts within the Ottoman Empire during the late 1800s

SULTAN ABDUL AL-HAMID II

Last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire who sought religious reforms over democratic or modernization efforts

YOUNG TURKS

Political movement in the early 1900s that sought to overthrow the Ottoman Empire's absolute monarchy

FORMOSA

European name for the island of Taiwan

SHINTO

Ancient spiritual religion native to Japan

CAUCASUS

Region between the Black and Caspian Sea comprised of Southern Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia today

TREATY OF NANJING

Marked the end of the first Opium War, resulted in heavy payment and control of Hong Kong ceded to the British

"WHITE MAN'S BURDEN"

Duty asserted by white people to manage the affairs of nonwhite people whom they believed to be less developed

SOCIAL DARWINISM

Twisted misinterpretation of the theory of evolution to justify racial superiority systems in the modern era

PHRENOLOGY

Study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities

RACIAL SUPREMACY

Belief that a particular race should rule over others

MANCHURIA

Region in Northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day Northeast China

REFORMS

Efforts to change or improve laws, social systems, or institutions with new rules, policies, or rewards