A&0 FORTEST4

Ventilation

The mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

Gas Exchange

Occurs in the alveoli, transferring oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli.

Ventilation

The mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

Gas Exchange

Occurs in the alveoli, transferring oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli.

External Respiration

The exchange of gases between the lungs and environment.

Internal Respiration

The utilization of oxygen by cells to produce energy and production of carbon dioxide as a waste product.

Alveoli

Small, balloon-like structures in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Pulmonary Capillaries

Small blood vessels surrounding the alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place.

Conducting Airways

Airways that filter, warm, and humidify air before it reaches the lungs.

Transpulmonary Pressure

The pressure difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure.

Fick's Law

Describes how the rate of diffusion is influenced by surface area, membrane thickness, and partial pressure gradients.

Oxygen Transport in Blood

Around 98.5% of oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin, and about 1.5% is dissolved in plasma.

Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood

Approximately 70% as bicarbonate in plasma, 20-23% bound to hemoglobin, and about 7-10% dissolved in plasma.

Intra-thoracic

Refers to structures within the thoracic cavity, including the lungs and heart.

Extra-thoracic

Refers to structures located outside the thoracic cavity.

Asthma

A condition characterized by airway hyper-reactivity and obstruction, leading to wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing.

Chronic Bronchitis

A form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by chronic cough and mucus production.

Emphysema

A form of COPD marked by damage to the alveoli and reduced elastic recoil, often causing difficulty exhaling.

Cystic Fibrosis

A genetic disorder that leads to the production of thick, sticky mucus affecting the lungs and digestive system.

Pulmonary Edema

Excess fluid in the lungs, which can impair gas exchange.

Hypoxic Respiratory Failure

Respiratory failure characterized by low oxygen levels in the blood.

Hypercarbic Respiratory Failure

Respiratory failure characterized by high carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

Pneumothorax

A medical condition where air enters the pleural space, potentially leading to lung collapse.

Tension Pneumothorax

A life-threatening condition where air enters the pleural space and cannot escape, leading to increased pressure.

Blood Flow Zones

Physiological zones in the lungs that facilitate blood flow and gas exchange.

Normal Compliance Curve

Shows a balanced and efficient lung function across a range of volumes.

Increased Lung Compliance Curve

Indicates that less pressure is needed to inflate the lungs but suggests issues with exhalation.

Decreased Lung Compliance Curve

Indicates that more pressure is needed to inflate the lungs, associated with restrictive diseases.

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled in one second.

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

The total volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a deep inhalation.

FEV1/FVC Ratio

A measure used to differentiate between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases.

Minute Ventilation (MV)

The total volume of air entering or leaving the lungs in one minute.

Anatomical Dead Space

Volume of air that fills the conducting zones of the respiratory system, where no gas exchange occurs.

Physiological Dead Space

Total volume of air that does not participate in gas exchange, including anatomical dead space plus any alveoli not perfused with blood.

V/Q Matching

The balance between ventilation (air flow) and perfusion (blood flow) to the alveoli for optimal gas exchange.

Hypoxia

A condition where there is a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues.

Hypercapnia

An excess of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.

Age-Related Changes in Alveoli

Include increased size and decreased surface area due to destruction of alveolar walls.

Alveolar Stiffness

Increased stiffness in lung tissue due to aging, affecting compliance.

Chest Wall Rigidity

Increased stiffness in the thoracic cage due to calcification with aging.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates the body's 'fight or flight' response.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that conserves energy and promotes 'rest and digest' activities.

Neurogenic Factors

Conditions affecting the nervous system that may influence ventilation and perfusion.

Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)

Pressure maintained in the airway at the end of expiration to keep alveoli open.

Surfactant

A liquid substance created by the type II alveolar cells that reduces surface tension in the alveoli.

Asthma Pathophysiology

Characterized by airway inflammation, hyperreactivity, and obstruction.

Restrictive Lung Disease

Conditions that limit lung expansion, leading to reduced lung volumes.

Obstructive Lung Disease

Conditions that obstruct airflow, making it hard to exhale.

Physical Therapy

Rehabilitation strategy vital for maintaining function in patients with spinal cord injuries.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A progressive lung disease leading to obstructed airflow and difficulty breathing.

Neurological Dysfunction

Impairment in normal brain function due to injury or illness.

Positive Bronchodilator Response

Improvement in airflow after the administration of bronchodilators, indicating reversible obstruction.

Inflammatory Mediators

Substances released during inflammation that can cause bronchoconstriction and airway swelling.

Resting Dyspnea

Shortness of breath when at rest, often associated with respiratory conditions.

Alveolar-Capillary Membrane

The barrier where gas exchange occurs between the alveoli and capillaries.

Respiratory Muscle Function

The effectiveness of the muscles involved in ventilation, which can impact breathing efficiency.

Spinal Shock

Temporary loss of all neurological function below the level of spinal cord injury.

Autonomic Hyperreflexia

A condition characterized by uncontrolled surging blood pressure occurring in individuals with spinal cord injuries.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

An injury to the brain caused by external force, leading to various physical and cognitive impairments.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter that plays key roles in movement, motivation, and emotional responses.

Theta Rhythm

Electrophysiological modulation that alters neuronal activity during cognitive tasks.

Status Epilepticus

A medical emergency characterized by prolonged seizure activity without recovery.

Brain Abscess

A collection of pus within the brain tissue, typically due to infection.

Hypoglycemia and Seizures

Low blood sugar levels can lead to neuronal dysfunction and trigger seizures.

Peripheral Nervous System

The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.

Cognitive Impairment

Deterioration in cognitive functioning, affecting memory, attention, and judgement.

Pathologic Hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease

Extracellular beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles within the brain.

Cerebral Palsy

A group of disorders affecting mobility and muscle tone due to abnormal brain development.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

An autoimmune attack on the peripheral nervous system leading to rapid weakness and paralysis.

Multiple Sclerosis

A chronic autoimmune disease targeting myelin in the central nervous system.

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Damage to the spinal cord leading to varying degrees of loss of function and sensation.

Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)

An acute injury to the brain caused by disruption of blood flow.

Dehydration

A condition resulting from excessive loss of fluids which can impair cognitive functioning.

Hydrocephalus

Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain.

Neurogenic Shock

A distributive shock occurring due to loss of sympathetic tone in spinal cord injury.

Tension-Type Headache

A headache characterized by a sensation of tightness or pressure around the head.

Estrogen and Memory

Fluctuations in hormone levels, particularly estrogen, can impact memory processes.

Essential Tremor

A neurological condition characterized by involuntary shaking, often affecting the hands.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons leading to muscle atrophy.

Absence Seizures

Brief episodes characterized by staring and unresponsiveness, especially in children.

Concussion

A mild traumatic brain injury that results from a bump or blow to the head.

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter involved in stress response and regulation of blood pressure.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that regulates mood, anxiety, and overall emotional balance.

Glutamate

The most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, regulating neural excitability.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A type of stroke due to bleeding in the brain, leading to tissue damage and increased ICP.

Ischemic Stroke

A type of stroke caused by a blockage in a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain.

Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) Regulation

The mechanisms by which blood flow to the brain adjusts according to metabolic needs.

Intracranial Pressure (ICP)

The pressure within the skull, determined by the volume of blood, CSF, and brain tissue.

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)

The pressure gradient driving blood flow to the brain, calculated as MAP - ICP.

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

A progressive neurodegenerative disease due to repeated head trauma, primarily found in athletes.

Febrile Seizures

Seizures that occur in young children, typically due to high fever.

Lacunar Stroke

A type of stroke caused by occlusion of small penetrating arteries in the brain.

Aura

A sensory disturbance that may precede a migraine or seizure.