Practical Data Science (PPTs)

reviewer

Unorganized, raw, simple, sometimes useless thing in information

Data

Set of data which is included in the context to describe the details of any topic or research

Information

Consists of numbers representing counts or measurements

Quantitative Data

Can be separated intro different categories that are distinguished by some non-numeric characteristics

Qualitative Data

result when the number of possible values is either a finite number or a “countable”

Discrete Data

Result from infinitely many possible values that correspond to some continuous scale that covers a range of values without gaps, interruptions or jumps.

Continuous Data

characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only. The data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high).

Nominal Level of Measurement

Can be arranged in some order, but differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless.

Ordinal Level of Measurement

Two Sources of Data

Primary Data & Secondary Data

Information collected firsthand by the researcher for a specific purpose

Primary Data

Information that already exists and has been collected by someone else for a different purpose

Secondary Data

Process for Data Collection

1. Determine the data you want to collect

2. Set a timeframe for data collection

3. Determine the data collection method

4. Collect Data

5. Analyze Data & implement the findings

Information is gathered through questionnaire, mostly based on individual or group experiences

regarding a particular

phenomenon.

Survey

obtaining data whose results are based on intensive engagement with respondents about a particular study.

Interview

used by monitoring participants in a specific situation or environment at a given time and day.

Observation

process of examining existing documents and records of an organization for tracking changes over a period of time.

Documents & Records

Data are mostly collected based on the cause and effect of the two variables being studied.

Experiment

A subset of population

Sample

the science of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting numerical data.

Statistics

number that describes the sample

Statistic

entire collection of individuals about which information is sought.

Population

Census

collection of data from every member of the population

study and practice on how we can extract knowledge and insights from large amount of data

Data science

the process of selecting a subset of individuals from a population to estimate characteristics of the whole.

Sampling

sampling technique that gives everyone in the population

Probability Sampling

one or more parts of the population are favored over others

biased sampling

considered the most common probability sampling

simple random sampling

A sampling done by numbering each subject of the population and selecting every kth subject.

Systematic Random Sampling

sampling method which categorized first the respondents based on their similarities and then select at random sample from each category.

Stratified Random Sampling

a probability sampling used when the population is very large. It involves dividing the population into different areas, and then researchers selects.

Cluster Sampling

sample that is not drawn by a well-defined random method

Sample of Convenience

number that describes the population

parameter

A characteristic or attribute that can assume different values

Variable

are variables that have distinct categories according to some characteristics or attribute

Qualitative variables

are variables that can be measured or counted.

Quantitative Variables

variables that assume values can be counted

Discrete

variables that can assume an infinite number of values between any two specific values

Continuous

classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however precise differences between ranks do not exist

ordinal level of measurement

classifies data into mutually exclusive categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data

nominal level of measurement

ranks data and precise differences between units of measure do exist; however there is no meaningful zero

interval level of measurement

possess all the characteristics of interval measurement, and there exists a true zero

ratio level of measurement

in an experimental study is the one being manipulated by the researcher

independent variable

a variable that being studied to see if it has changed significantly because of the manipulation of the independent variable

dependent variable

is one that influences the dependent or outcome variable but was not separated from the independent variable

confounding variable

the independent variable is also called the?

explanatory variable

the group that received the special instruction is called?

treatment/ controlled group

occurs when some members of a population are systematically more likely to be selected for a study than others.

Sampling bias

is a chance process leads to a well-defined result

Probability Experiment

are the result in probability experiment

outcome

is the totality or the set of all possible outcomes in a single experiment

sample space

set of outcomes in an experiment

event

An experiment is called ____ or ___ if any outcome is equally likely

random or fair

if the event a does not effect event b occurring or vice versa

independent events

uses sample space S to determine the numerical chance that an event will happen, and it also assumed that the experiment is fair and have equally likely events

classical probability

relies on actual experience to determine the likelihood of outcomes.

empirical probability

uses a probability value based on an educated guess or estimate, employing opinions and inexact information

subjective probability

an event B in relationship to an event A was defined as the probability that event B occurs after event A has already occurred

conditional probability

a variable whose values are determined by chance

random variable

gave a finite number of possible values or an infinite number of values that can be counted

discrete random variable

are variables that can assume in all values in the interval between any two given values

continuous random variable

the ______ for a random variable describes how the probabilities are distributed over the values of the random variable

probability distribution

a ____ consists of the values a random variable can assume and the corresponding probabilities of the values

discrete probability distribution

is the outcome of a binomial experiment and the corresponding probabilities of these outcomes

binomial distribution

The ____ is often used as a model of the number of arrivals at a facility within a given period of time

poisson probability distribution

it is a normal distribution with a mean is zero and standard deviation is 1

standard normal distribution

it is the number of standard deviations that a particular X value is away from the mean

Standard Score or Z Score

it is a quantitative measure of the extent to which the deviation of one variable from its mean matches the deviation of the other from its mean

covariance

the ____ used by statisticians in sample data measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables.

correlation coefficient

5 Steps on How to Collect Data

1. Determine what information you want to collect

2. Set a timeframe for data collection

3. Determine your data collection method

4. Collect the Data

5. Analyze the data & implement your findings

In ways of obtaining data, this involves the collection of data from already published text available in the public domain.

literature sources

In ways of obtaining data, and it is another way of gathering data for research purposes.

surveys

In ways of obtaining data, it is a qualitative method of obtaining data whose results are based on intensive engagement with respondents about a particular study.

interviews

In ways of obtaining data, is used by monitoring participants in a specific situation or environment at a given time and day.

observations

In ways of obtaining data, this is the process of examining existing documents and records of an organization for tracking changes over a period of time.

documents & records

In ways of obtaining data, data are mostly collected based on the cause and effect of the two variables being studied.

experiments

It is a type of interview in which the interviewer asks a particular set of predetermined questions.

structured interview

It is a type of interview in which the interviewer asks questions which are not prepared in advance.

unstructured interview

Also known as one on one interview. It is a data collection method when the interviewer directly communicates with the respondent in accordance with prepared questionnaire,

face-to-face interview

Components of the complete & accurate data set

1. Content just needs to be right

2. Form eliminates ambiguities about the content