H Anatomy Quiz 2

The Elements:

Pure substances that consist of one type of atom

4 Most Common Elements in the body:

• Oxygen 

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Nitrogen

Types of Chemical Bonds:

ionic, covalent, hydrogen

Ionic Bond:

Transfer of electrons, salts or electrolytes, 

electrolytes:

ionize in solution and conduct electricity, primary electrolytes are in the human body

Covalent: 

electrons are shared, most organic (carbon based) molecules interact through covalent bonding, if electrons are NOT shared equally, the bond may be a polar covalent bond

Hydrogen: 

weak bonds found between or within polar molecules, water is a polar molecule because hydrogen is slightly positively charged compared to the oxygen end of the molecule

Why is water vital?

An excellent solvent; nutrients, respiratory gases, and wastes can dissolve in water, Important reactant in many chemical reactions in the body, Serves as a protective barrier around organs like the brain

pH scale range

0 to 14 (pH 7, neutral, the relative concentration of H⁺ and OH^- is equal)

pH of Gastric fluid

2

pH of Urine

6

pH of Saliva

6.5

pH of Distilled Water

7

pH of blood

7.4

Buffers:

regulate acid-base balance in the body

What are the four groups of Organic Compounds?

Carbohydrates, Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates:

Sugars and starches, Contain C, H, and O

Glucose/blood sugar (C₆H₁₂O₆)

monosaccharide and is an important fuel source for cells

Where is genetic info found in the cell?

the nucleus of the eukaryotic cells

What shape is DNA?

Double Helix

transcription

DNA is copied intro mRNA

translation

mRNA is converted into proteins

Mitosis

period of division in somatic (body) cells

(mitosis) One parent cell makes ___ ________daughter cells

two identical

Meiosis

period of division in sex cells (gametes)

(meiosis) one parent cell makes ____ ________ daughter cells

four different

Cell Membrane

specialized semi-permeable barrier. only SOME substances can pass through.

examples of passive transport processes

diffusion of substances and osmosis (diffusion of water)

passive transport:

molecules move from high concentration to low concentration (does NOT require energy)

facilitated diffusion

larger molecules are helped across the membrane by channels of proteins

Active transport

molecules from low concentration to high concentration (DOES require energy)

Endocytosis:

into cell

Exocytosis:

out of cell

Muscular Tissue:

movement of skeleton, beating of heart, movement of food, etc

Connective Tissue:

makes up bone, cartilage, and blood; connects organs together

Nervous Tissue

conducts electrical impulses through the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Epithelial Tissue

makes up skin, lining of internal pathways, and glands

Nucleus

control center, contains genetic info

Endoplasmic Reticulum:

synthesizes proteins and ships them around the cell

Mitochondria

converts food into ATP

Golgi Aparatus:

transports material around the cell in sacs called vesicles

Lysosomes:

breaks down waste

Centrioles:

aid in cell division

Vacuoles:

store nutrients and water

genetic material is found in 46 ________ made of ___

chromosomes, DNA

The sides of the ladder (DNA) are made of?

sugar and phosphate

The rungs (DNA) are made of?

nitrogen bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine)

Base Pairing:

A always bonds with T and C always pairs with G

Gene:

a section of DNA that codes for proteins

What happens during translation?

amino acids are brought in by tRNA and they link into a polypeptide chain, which becomes a protein