H Euro History - Midterm Exam Chapters 19, 20, 21

Louis XVI

King of france whose monarchy was abolished by the creation of the French Republic

Parlement of Paris

France's most important royal court, which resisted the king's absolute rule

Marie Antoinette

Austrian Habsburg princess married to Louis XVI who as queen of France was his controversial political adviser

Estates-General

Kingdom-wide deliberative body convened in 1789 to deal with the Crown's financial collapse and to reform the government

Joseph Emmanuel Sieyes

Catholic priest who championed the political rights of the Third Estate

Cahiers

Lists of grievances drawn up by voters electing deputies to the Estates-General in 1789

Patriots

People who rejected absolutism and supported revolutionary reform of France

National Assembly

First French Revolutionary legislature, in session from 1789 to 1791

Tennis Court Oath

Oath of the National Assembly not to disband before a written constitution had been drafted

Jacques Necker

Louis XVI's financial minister whose dismissal provoked the uprising in Paris on July 14, 1789

Great Fear

Widespread peasant uprisings in July and August 1789 that abolished feudal dues to landlords

Night of August 4

French legislative session in 1789 that abolished many traditional taxes, payments, and privileges

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Statement of the revolutionary principles. proclaiming universal and inalienable human rights

October Days

Uprising of Parisian workingwomen in 1789 that brought the royal family to Paris

Old Regime

Revolutionary name for pre-revolutionary France

Jacques-Louis David

Important artist who celebrated the Revolution's great turning points in monumental paintings

Jacobin Club

Most important French revolutionary political club, whose members were called Jacobins

Maximilien Robespierre

Important and powerful leader in the French revolution and one of the instigators of the Reign of Terror

Constitution of 1791

Written document establishing a constitutional monarchy in France that went into effect in October 1791

Sovereignty

Supreme political power and authority; also a nation's independence or freedom from control of another state

Departments

Local French administrative districts, uniform in size

Metric System

Standardized system of weights and measurements based on the unit of ten, introduced following the French Revolution

Active and passive citizens

Two categories of citizenship in which only property owning men were allowed to vote and hold public office

Francois Dominique of the Clergy

Former slave who led the first excess full slave revolt in history in the French colony of Saint- Domingue

Civil Constitution of the clergy

Legislative decree of 1790 radically reforming the Catholic Church in France

Nonjurors

Clergy refusing to take an oath supporting the civil Constitution of the Clergy

Emigres

Counterrevolutionaries who fled France during the Revolution

Thomas Paine

Englishman who defended both the American and French Revolutions

Williams Wordsworth

English poet famous for his nature poetry and his defense of the French Revolution

Sans-culottes

"without knee breeches" Parisian militants who overthrew the French monarchy and 1792

National Convention

First republican legislature in France, governing from 1792 to 1795

Georges Danton

Radical Jacobin revolutionary who rose to prominence after the overthrow of the monarchy

Guillotine

Execution device used by the French revolutionaries for beheading, invented by a doctor as a humane way of executing people

September Massacres

Slaughter of 1,300 prisoners by the sans-culottes in Paris in 1792 that alienated many early supporters of the Revolution

Mountain and Girondins

Two revolutionary factions vying for control of the National Convention in late 1792 and early 1793.

Committee of Public Safety

Committee of the National Convention created in 1793 and granted dictatorial powers to implement the Terror

Vendee

Part of western France in open rebellion against the National Convention in early 1793 following the break with the Catholic Church and the execution of the King

Reign of Terror

Government cinematic coercion to defeat the revolutions enemies, implemented in 1793 in 1794

Marseillaise

Revolutionary battle song favored by the sans-culottes, now the national anthem of France

De-Christianization

Attack on all forms of Christianity initiated by the sans-culottes in 1793

Great Terror

Culminating phase of the Reign of Terror in 1794, more than 1300 people were convicted and executed in Paris

Thermidorian Reaction

Period in 1794-1795 during which the Terror was dismantled

Directory

Executive committee that ruled France from 1795-1799

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general seized power in 1799 ruled France until 1814

Sister Republics

French satellite states formed from territories conquered between 1795 and 1799

Louvre Museum

Paris museum of art founded in 1793 and housed in a former royal palace, one of the great museums of the world

First Consul

Title taken by Napoleon Bonaparte when he seized power in 1799

Prefects

Napoleon's local government administrators in France

Napoleonic Code

Code of civil law implemented in 1804, applied first to France and then to French-occupied territories in Europe

Anarchy

Absence of government, marked by disorder and lawlessness

Notables

Elite group of large-scale landowners created by Napoleon

Trafalgar

Naval battle fought 1805 in which the British destroyed the French navy and gained unchallenged control of the high seas

Confederation of the Rhine

Napoleon's union of all German states except Prussia and Austria

Grand Duchy of Warsaw

Napoleon's restored independent Poland.

Continental System

Closure of all French-controlled ports to British merchant shipping initiated by Napoleon in 1807 as a form of economic warfare

Alexander I

Russian emperor defeated by Napoleon who then broke with the French, provoking the Russian campaign of 1812

Louis XVIII

Younger brother of Louis XVI of France who became king after Napoleon's defeat

Hundred Days

Period in 1815 of Napoleon's briefly restored rule in France between his return from exile on Elba and his permanent exile on St. Helena

Waterloo

Napoleon's last battle, fought in Belgium in 1815 against an international coalition headed by the British Duke of Wellington

Congress of Vienna

International meeting that redrew the European map and restored order after the Napoleonic Wars

Clemens von Metternich

Austrian statesman, architect of the Congress of Vienna and the Congress System, foreign minister and then prime minister of Austria, 1809-1848

Congress Poland

Polish kingdom under the Russian tsar created at the Congress of Vienna (1815), enjoying until 1831 its own constitution, legislature, army, and bureaucracy

Autonomous

Self-governing but not entirely independent, usually in a certain region or for a certain ethnic/national group

Indemnity

Money or goods paid by the losing side after a war to compensate for the cost and damage of military action

Congress System

Conservative political system put in place at the Congress of Vienna aiming to preserve peace and prevent the spread of nationalism and liberalism

Holy Alliance

Political agreement advocated by Tsar Alexander I at the Congress of Vienna calling for international relations to be based on Christian morals

Multinational State

Country in which more than one ethnic group resides

Reactionary

Exceedingly conservative, wishing not only to prevent change but to retreat into the past

Nicholas I

Russian tsar noted for conservatism and his hatred for the political ideas of the French Revolution

Romanticism

A literary and artistic movement of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries that extolled artistic genius and opposed many traditional social conventions

Caspar David Friedrich

German artist whose landscapes often featured craggy mountains, mighty forests, and Romantic ruins that overwhelmed small human figures

Alexander Pushkin

Russian nobleman and poet considered Russia's national writer

Utopian

Consisting of unrealistic attempts at reforming human life

Adam Mickiewicz

Polish writer, mainly of lyric and patriotic poetry, born in Polish Lithuania but spent most of his life in exile

Frederic Chopin

Polish composer and pianist, best known for his expressive Romantic piano works and his dances, especially polonaises, that celebrated Polish nationalism.

Conservatism

Political ideology emphasizing tradition,slow change from above, and respect for existing institutions

Legitimacy

Conservative view of the political and social order that assumes the right of kings and the nobility to rule

Joseph de Maistre

Conservative theorist whose pessimistic outlook on human nature led him to advocate severe limits on human freedom

Slavophilism

Russian social philosophy of the 1830s and 1840s, calling for a return to religious values and a rejection of Tsar Peter the Great's reforms

Liberalism

Political ideology emphasizing constitutionalism, civil rights, private property, and the rule of law

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, especially capitalists, well-to-do investors, factory owners, and educated professionals

Free trade

Unrestricted trade between different countries, not hindered by high tariffs or taxes

Law of supply and demand

Economic law according to which prices increase when supply is low and demand high

Utilitarianism

Practical philosophy, usually associated with Jeremy Bentham, whose goal was the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

Universal suffrage

Right to vote for everyone

John Stuart Mill

Liberal philosopher who supported universal suffrage, including for women; son of James Mill and author of On Liberty and Utilitarianism

Nationalism

Political ideology arising in the late eighteenth century that demanded that the nation have control of its own state

Nation-state

Independent political unit, usually dominated by one culture or ethnicity, in which the ultimate political legitimacy rests with the people

Yugoslav

Group of related languages and ethnicities, including Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, and sometimes Macedonians and Bulgarians

Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm

German linguists famous for their collections of fairy tales and monumental dictionary of the German language

Johann Gottfried von Herder

German critic and historian who urged small nations to develop their language and culture

Charles X

French king renowned for his refusal to compromise with modern political ideas, swept from power by the July Revolution of 1830

Louis Philippe

French constitutional monarch, known as the "bourgeois king" for his unpretentious lifestyle and political connections with the bourgeoisie

Carbonari

Members of secret societies existing throughout Europe, but especially in Italy, aiming to fight political reaction and work for liberal political reform

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian political thinker and revolutionary who advocated bringing together all Italians under a single republican government

Risorgimento

Era of political and cultural nationalism in early nineteenth-century Italy calling for Italian unification and political liberalization

Gisueppe Garibaldi

Italian political leader who worked to translate Mazzini's nationalist ideas of Italian unification into reality

Wartburg Festival

Patriotic meeting at Wartburg castle in central Germany in 1817 promoting German national and liberal ideals

Balkan Peninsula

Region between the Black and Adriatic Seas where present-day Bulgaria, Serbia, and Greece are located

Decembrists

Supporters of liberal reforms in Russia whose plot was crushed by Nicholas I in 1825