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1
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What is meant by semiconservative replication of DNA?

Each strand is the template for another strand.

2
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In DNA sequencing, what is the purpose of the dideoxynucleotide bases?

  • To enhance synthesis of DNA

  • To stop growth of a DNA chain at a certain point

  • To make certain that only one strand of DNA is amplified

  • To create restriction fragment length polymorphisms

To stop the growth of a DNA chain at a certain point

3
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Which method is most precise for detecting mutations?

a. qPCR

b. TMA

c. chain termination sequencing

d. RT-PCR

Chain termination sequencing

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What process confers specificity in molecular biology methods?

Hybridization

5
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Which characteristic does strand displacement amplification share with the polymerase chain reaction?

Both involve DNA polymerase.

6
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Sanger chain termination sequencing differs from polymerase chain reaction because:

A. only one primer is used.
B. DNA polymerase is not needed.
C. the process is isothermal.
D. only three nucleotide bases are used.

A. only one primer is used.

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Which method is utilized for HLA typing?

a. RT-PCR

b. TMA

c. SDA

d. NGS

NGS

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Bioinformatics has been used in:


a. determining medical significance of variants.

b. storing DNA information only.

c. developing nomenclature for sequencing.

d. establishing of small storage of DNA data

determining the medical significance of variants.

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1) The antibody found on mucosal surfaces that acts as a first line of defense is called:
A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgM

A) IgA

10
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1) Which antibody is found in the greatest supply and is the only one capable of crossing the placenta?
A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgG

D) IgG

11
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1) All of the following are characteristic of IgE EXCEPT:
A) found on mast cells and basophils
B) fixes complement
C) found in low amounts in the blood
D) causes allergic reactions

B) fixes complement

12
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1) The antibody found on B cells that is thought to be involved in B cell maturation is:
A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgM

B) IgD

13
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1) The theory that lymphocytes are preprogrammed to respond to a particular type of antigen best describes:
A) the clonal selection theory
B) Ehrlich's side chain theory
C) the spontaneous generation theory
D) Edelman's antibody formation theory

A) the clonal selection theory

14
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1) In serum protein electrophoresis, which band contains the immunoglobulins?
A) alpha-1
B) alpha-2
C) beta
D) gamma

D. gamma

15
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1) Which of the following best characterizes IgD?
A) primary response antibody
B) surface receptor for antigen
C) responsible for allergic reactions
D) fixes complement

B) surface receptor for antigen

16
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1) Where on an antibody molecule does combination with antigen take place?
A) variable region
B) constant region
C) hinge region
D) Fc region

A) variable region

17
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1) All of the following are true of IgG EXCEPT:
A) first class of antibody to appear
B) able to cross the placental barrier
C) the predominant antibody in serum
D) provides immunity for the newborn

A) first class of antibody to appear

18
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1) Which antibody is found mainly as a dimer in mucosal secretions?
A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgG

A) IgA

19
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1) IgG differs from IgM in which way?
A) IgM can cross the placenta.
B) IgG can bind more antigens than IgM.
C) IgG is the main antibody in serum.
D) Only IgM has kappa light chains.

C) IgG is the main antibody in serum.

20
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1) The primary response differs from the secondary immune response in what way?
A) Amounts of IgG and IgM are the same.
B) The lag time is shorter.
C) Amounts of IgG increase greatly.
D) More memory cells are involved.

A) Amounts of IgG and IgM are the same.

21
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1) Cytokines exhibit pleiotropy, which refers to:
A) multiple cytokines affecting the same cell
B) one cytokine inhibiting the activity of another cytokine
C) one cytokine affecting multiple cells
D) cytokines acting together to affect a cell

C) one cytokine affecting multiple cells

22
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1) IL-2 is synthesized by which type of cell and acts on which type of cell?
A) TH1; CTL
B) TH2; CTL
C) TH2; NK
D) TH1; mast cells

A) TH1; CTL

23
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214) A cytokine that is produced by TH2 cells and inhibits TH1 cells is:
A. IL-10
B. IL-4
C. IL-3
D. IFN-gamma

A. IL-10

24
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215) IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha function by:
A. increasing vascular permeability
B. increasing acute phase proteins
C. acting on the hypothalamus
D. promoting migration of inflammatory cells
E. all of these

E. all of these

25
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216) IL-3, IL-7, and GM-CSF are all involved in:
A. hematopoiesis
B. suppressing inflammation
C. macrophage killing
D. T cell cytotoxicity

A. hematopoiesis

26
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217) IL-2 is produced by one cell and the same IL-2 stimulates that same cell. This type of cytokine activity is called:
A. autocrine
B. paracrine
C. endocrine
D. pleotropic

A. autocrine

27
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218) IL-2 is a cytokine that could be more specifically called which of the following because of the cells that produce it?
A. lymphokine
B. monokine
C. basokine
D. eokine

A. lymphokine

28
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219) IL-4 functions by:
A. inhibiting macrophages
B. inducing hematopoiesis
C. activating B cells
D. activating macrophages

C. activating B cells

29
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220) IFN-gamma is produced by:
A. B cells
B. TH1 cells
C. TH2 cells
D. macrophages

B. TH1 cells

30
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221) When multiple cytokines act on the same cell, by definition they have:
A. pleiotropy
B. redundancy
C. synergism
D. antagonism

B. redundancy

31
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222) Which of the following cytokines is produced by TH1 cells and is suppressive for TH2 lymphocytes?
A. IL-2
B. IL-4
C. TGF-beta
D. IFN-gamma

D. IFN-gamma

32
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223) All of the following are actions of interleukin-1 EXCEPT:
A. increased synthesis of acute phase reactants
B. attraction of white cells to the area
C. increased production of IgE
D. acts as an endogenous pyrogen

C. increased production of IgE

33
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224) A protein released from a virally infected cell that protects other cells from viral invasion best describes:
A. Il-3
B. interferon-alpha
C. TNF
D. IL-4

B. interferon-alpha

34
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225) When Il-2 acts on T cells, B cells, and NK cells, this is an example of:
A. redundancy
B. pleiotropy
C. synergy
D. antagonism

B. pleiotropy

35
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226) The actions of IL-1 and IL-10 are an example of:
A. redundancy
B. antagonism
C. synergy
D. pleiotropy

B. antagonism

36
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227) What is the main function of chemokines?
A. inhibit the immune response
B. enhance synthesis of acute phase reactants
C. enhance migration of white blood cells
D. protect cells from viral invasion.

C. enhance migration of white blood cells

37
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228) What is the main action of interferon-gamma?
A. increased synthesis of acute phase reactants
B. stimulation of T cells
C. inhibition of T cell activity
D. activation of macrophages

D. activation of macrophages

38
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229) What is the function of TGF-alpha?
A. helps in antibody-mediated immunity
B. regulates cell growth and differentiation
C. inhibits IL-2
D. acts as an endogenous pyrogen

B. regulates cell growth and differentiation

39
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230) The main target of interleukin-3 is:
A. antigen-activated B cells
B. antigen-activated T cells
C. macrophages
D. stem cells

D. stem cells

40
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231) Which cytokine is involved in natural immunity?
A. interleukin-6
B. interleukin-2
C. interleukin-4
D. interleukin-5

A. interleukin-6

41
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232) Which cells produce interleukin-1?
A. T helper cells
B. cytotoxic T cells
C. B cells
D. macrophages

D. macrophages

42
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233) Erythropoietin is classified as which of the following?
A. T-cell regulator
B. colony-stimulating factor
C. proinflammatory cytokine
D. regulator of the acute phase response

B. colony-stimulating factor

43
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234) Which acts as the best defense against gram-negative bacteria?
A. IL-1
B. TNF
C. IL-2
D. IL-5

B. TNF

44
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235) Which of the following can be attributed to interleukin-6 (IL-6)?
A. stimulates red blood cell production
B. increases vascular permeability
C. inhibits antigen presentation by macrophages
D. increases activation of T and B cells

D. increases activation of T and B cells

45
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236) Which best describes the nature of interleukin-2?
A. activates T helper cells
B. made by macrophages
C. causes lysis of tumor cells
D. down-regulates the immune response

A. activates T helper cells

46
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237) What is one of the main activities of interleukin-4 (IL-4)?
A. downregulation of the immune response
B. increased production of neutrophils
C. generation of TH2 cells
D. protecting cells from viral invasion

C. generation of TH2 cells

47
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238) Which complement component is found in both the classic and alternative pathways?
A. C1
B. C2
C. factor B
D. C3

D. C3

48
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239) Which of the following is a characteristic of complement?
A. It is activated by IgE in the classical pathway.
B. It cannot be activated by molecules other than antigen-antibody complexes.
C. It plays a role in the lysis of target cells coated with specific antibodies.
D. It is enhanced by decay accelerating factor.

C. It plays a role in the lysis of target cells coated with specific antibodies.

49
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240) Which of the following can activate the alternative complement pathway?
A. IgG
B. mannose-binding lectin
C. C3b
D. C1q

C. C3b

50
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241) Which of the following functions by inserting itself into target membranes and forming channels or holes in the membranes?
A. C3bBb3b
B. C4b2a
C. C5b6789
D. C3b

C. C5b6789

51
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242) Which of the following act as opsonins?
A. IgD
B. C3b
C. C5a
D. IL-2

B. C3b

52
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243) The C5 convertase of the alternative pathway of complement activation is:
A. C4b
B. C4b2a
C. C4b2a3b
D. C3bBb3bP

D. C3bBb3bP

53
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244) C5b6789 functions in:
A. target cell lysis
B. recognition of antigen
C. chemotaxis
D. complement inhibition

A. target cell lysis

54
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245) The functions of C5a are to promote all of the following EXCEPT:
A. phagocytosis of target cells
B. contraction of smooth muscle
C. increased vascular permeability
D. leukocyte attraction to the site of inflammation

A. phagocytosis of target cells

55
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246) Chemotactic and anaphylactic factors are produced by proteolytic cleavage of:
A. C1q, C1r, C1s
B. C4, C2
C. C5, C3
D. C5, C6, C7, C8

C. C5, C3

56
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247) The alternative and classical pathway C3 convertases are destabilized as a means of down-regulating complement function. One molecule that performs this function is:
A. C1 esterase inhibitor
B. membrane cofactor protein
C. complement receptors 1 and 2
D. CD59

B. membrane cofactor protein

57
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248) What is cleaved by C3bBb?
a) C3
b) C5
c) C6

a) C3

58
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249) Which of the following is the correct order of activation of complement in the lectin activation pathway?
a) C1, C4, C2, C3
b) MBL, C4, C2, C3
c) C3, factor B, C3
d) MBL, C2, C3, C4

b) MBL, C4, C2, C3

59
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250) A native bacterial cell surface itself will activate complement via which pathway(s)?
A. classical
B. alternative
C. lectin
D. two of these
E. all of these

D. two of these

60
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251) Which of the following is cleaved first by C1qrs in the classical pathway of complement activation?
A. C2
B. C3
C. C4
D. factor B

C. C4

61
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252) Which of the following complement components has chemotactic activity?
A. C3b
B. C3a
C. C1qrs
D. C5b6789

B. C3a

62
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253) The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway of complement activation is:
A. C3bBbP
B. C3bB
C. C4b2a3b
D. C4b2a

A. C3bBbP

63
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254) The target recognition molecule of the lectin pathway that initiates complement activation is:
A. C1q
B. C4
C. C5b6789
D. mannose-binding lectin

D. mannose-binding lectin

64
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255) Which immunoglobulin(s) help(s) initiate the classic complement pathway?
A. IgA and IgD
B. IgM only
C. IgG and IgM
D. IgG only

C. IgG and IgM

65
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256) Which of the following has perforin-like activity?
A. IgG
B. IFN-gamma
C. C5b6789
D. C3b

C. C5b6789

66
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257) What is cleaved by C4b2a3b?
A. C3
B. C4
C. C5
D. C6

C. C5

67
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258) A patient has an abnormal alternative pathway activation pattern. Which of the following complement proteins should be assessed to further elucidate the problem?
a) C1
b) C2
c) C3
d) C4

c) C3

68
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259) The C5 convertase of the classical pathway of complement activation is:
A. C3bBbP
B. C3bBb3bP
C. C4b2a3b
D. C4b2a

C. C4b2a3b

69
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260) A deficiency in complement component C2 would result in:
A. increased vascular permeability
B. hereditary angioedema
C. severe infections with encapsulated bacteria
D. immune complex disease

D. immune complex disease

70
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261) Which of the following represents C3 convertase?
A. C4b2a
B. C3bBbP
C. C1qrs
D. A and B
E. A and C

D. A and B

71
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262) Which factors are only associated with the alternative pathway?
A. factor B and factor D
B. factor D and C3
C. factor B and C2
D. C2 and MBL

A. factor B and factor D

72
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263) The lectin pathway is initiated by the presence of which of the following?
A. antibody
B. C3
C. Mannose
D. C1qrs

C. Mannose

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264) The membrane attack unit of complement is represented by which of the following?
A. C2a4b3b
B. C1qrs
C. C3bBbP
D. C5b6789

D. C5b6789

74
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265) Which complement factor polymerizes to cause lysis of a foreign cell?
A. C5
B. C6
C. C8
D. C9

D. C9

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267) Binding of a lectin to a sugar found in bacteria and fungi occurs in which complement pathway?
A. alternative pathway
B. classical pathway
C. MBL pathway
D. all of the above

C. MBL pathway

76
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268) Which factor is unique to the lectin pathway?
A. Factor B
B. C1q
C. Mannose-binding protein
D. Factor I

C. Mannose-binding protein

77
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Lack of the complement inhibitor C1INH results in which disease?
A. Hereditary angioedema
B. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
C. Immune complex disease
D. meningitis

A. Hereditary angioedema

78
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270) All of the following can trigger the alternative pathway EXCEPT:
A. fungal cell walls
B. bacterial cell walls
C. yeast
D. antibody

D. antibody

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271) In the alternative pathway, C3 and C5 convertase are stabilized by which of the following?
A. Properdin
B. Factor B
C. Factor I
D. C4

A. Properdin

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272) Which factors are found in all three pathways?
A. Factors B and D
B. C4, C2, C3
C. C5-C9
D. C1qrs, C3, C5

C. C5-C9

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274) Which complement protein is the key intermediate in all pathways?
A. C4
B. C2
C. C3
D. C1

C. C3

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275) In the alternate pathway, factor B must bind to which of the following to initiate the cascade?
A. Factor I
B. C3b
C. C4b
D. properdin

B. C3b

83
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276) Which factor must be associated with factor H to inactivate complement components?
A. C1INH
B. Factor I
C. DAF
D. CR1

B. Factor I

84
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277) Lack of the complement components C5-C* may result in which disease?
A. Hereditary angioedema
B. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
C. Atherosclerosis
D. meningitis

A. Hereditary angioedema

85
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278) Which factor helps to dissociate C3b from red blood cells?
A. Factor B
B. DAF
C. C1INH
D. C5

B. DAF

86
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279) Which protein inhibits the classical complement pathway at the very beginning of it?
A. C1INH
B. C4BP
C. C3BP
D. Factor H

A. C1INH

87
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280) Which of the following are important functions of the complement system?
A. Lysis of foreign cells
B. Increase in vascular permeability
C. Clearance of antigen-antibody complexes
D. All the above
E. All except one of the above

D. All the above

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281) Formation of the membrane attack complex (C5b-C9) is stopped by which factor?
A. Factor H
B. Factor I
C. C1INH
D. S protein

D. S protein

89
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282) Which is characteristic of complement components?
A. All are active enzymes.
B. They are synthesized only when antigen is present.
C. They play a major part in the inflammatory response.
D. They are mainly produced in lymphoid tissue.

C. They play a major part in the inflammatory response.

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283) C4BP acts in association with which factor to inactivate C4b?
A. Factor B
B. Factor D
C. Factor I
D. C1INH

C. Factor I

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284) All of the following statements are true of C3 except
A. It is known as the recognition unit.
B. It plays a key role in all pathways.
C. It is the most abundant of the complement proteins.
D. Its major function is opsonization.

A. It is known as the recognition unit.

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285) Which of the following is referred to as C5 convertase?
A. C4b2a
B. MASP1
C. C4b2a3b
D. C1qrs

C. C4b2a3b

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286) Which of the following activities is associated only with the alternative pathway of complement fixation?
A. Formation of a membrane attack unit
B. Factor B and C3b combination
C. Antigen-antibody combination
D. lysis

B. Factor B and C3b combination

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287) A system of serum proteins that interact to enhance the immune response by producing cytolytic, chemotactic, and other effects best describes:
A. complement
B. fibrinogen
C. haptoglobin
D. CRP

A. complement

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The proteins of the complement system are part of:

  • adaptive immunity immunologic memory.

  • phagocytosis.

  • innate immunity.

  • B-cell formation.

Innate immunity

96
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Which of the following is a characteristic of complement?

  1. It is activated by IgE in the classical pathway

  2. It cannot be activated by molecules other than antigen-antibody complexes

  3. It plays a role in the lysis of target cells coated with specific antibodies

  4. It is enhanced by decay accelerating factor

It plays a role in the lysis target cells coated with specific antibodies

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Complement is essential for our body's response to infection, by being heavily involved in:

a. phagocytosis

b. inflammation

c. T-cell activation

d. B-cell differntiation

Inflammation

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Which complement component is found in both the classical and alternative pathways?

C1, C2, Factor B, C3

C3

99
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Which of the following can activate the alternative complement pathway?

C3b

100
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Which of the following is the correct order of activation of complement in the lectin activation pathway?

MBL, C4, C2, C3