Micro 4.1 "The Bad Bugs: Gram Positives"

Gram positives are what two shapes?

rods, cocci

Gram negatives are what two shapes?

cocci, baccilli

Pyogenic cocci are

staph and strep

gram negative cocci are

neisseria

gram positive rods are

bacillus to actinomycetes

The 3 types of Cocci

Staph, strep, enterococcus

2 types of staph cocci

s. aureus, s. epidermidis

The 3 groups of strep cocci

group A-, group B-, Viridans group -

group A- is

s. pyogenes

group B- is

S. agalactiae

Viridans group - are

s. mutans and s. pneumoniae

gram positive rods can be split into two kinds

non-spore, spore

What are actinomycete and nocardia asteroides

Non-spore filamentous rod

What are corynebacterium, propionibacterium acnes, listeria monocytogenes, and mycobacteriaceae (several species)?

non-spore rods

what are bacillus anthracis and B.cereus?

+O2 spore rods

What are clostridium botulinum, c. tetani, c. perfringins, and clostridiodes difficile?

-O2 spore rods

sturdy, salt tolerant, facultative anaerobes; clusters

s. aureus, s. epidermidis

Is S. aureus or S. epidermidis worse?

aureus

s. epi is an ______.

opportunist

Is S. aureus or S. epidermidis more common on skin?

epidermidis

-food poisoning

-skin diseases (impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, caruncles, scalded skin syndrome)

-systemic diseases (toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, heart, lungs, and bone infections)

-diseases spread by fomites and direct contact

diseases of S. aureus

coagulase, capsules, hyaluronidase, staphylokinase, beta-lacatamases, toxins (various, including TSS), exfoliatin, enterotoxins, 95% resistance to penicillin.

S. aureus virulence factors

Coagulase triggers _____ ______

blood clotting

beta-lactamases destroy ____

pencillins

exfoliatin breaks down _______

desmosomes

enterotoxins are heat ______

stable

95% of S. Aureus are resistant to penicillin, but now many are resistant to _____, and more recently ______

methicllin, vancomycin

-aerotolerant anaerobes

-lancefield group A strep

-beta (clear) hemolysis on blood agar

-lancefield group B strep

-viridans group

-S.pneumoniae

Streptococci

Lancefield group A Strep are

S. pyogenes

S. pyogens are “____ ______”

pus producing

regarding beta (clear) hemolysis on blood agar, what does the M protein and capsule do?

avoids phagocytosis

pyrogenic erthryotoxins cause _____

scarlet fever

rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis are

sequelae

Lancefield group B strep is

S. agalactiae

Viridans group is what color/kind of hemolysis?

greenish alpha

lancefield group B strep is what kind of hemolysis on blood agar?

beta (clear)

Viridans group are common in ____, _____, but can be opportunists.

throat, mouth

Regarding Viridans group, S. Mutans are associated with ______ ______.

dental caries

S. pneumoniae are what kind of hemolysis?

alpha

pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, meningitis

diseases caused by s. pneumoniae

The major virulence factor of S. pneumonia

capsule

S. pneumoniae is carried in ____ by 75% of population.

URT

Enterococcus are formerly part of

Group D strep

Enterococcus/Group D strep are what kind of hemolysis?

gamma

Enterococcus grow under contains that strep won’t tolerate. Name an example

high salt

E. faecium and E. faecalis are found in

GI tract

-E. faecium

- E. faecalis

enterococcus diseases

E. faecium and E. faecalis are

opportunists

What bacteria are causes of nosocomial (wound infections?

E. faecium, E. faecalis

E. faecalis produces a toxin that worsens

alcoholic hepatitis

Entercoccus are resistant to most _____

antibiotics

Streptococci are

aerotolerant anaerobes

-very common and numerous

-not hemolytic; antibiotic and vaccine effective

bacillus

Which bacteria is present in soil and most non-pathogenic ?

Bacillus

Which bacteria all form endospores when nutrient limited?

Bacillus

Bacillus cereus is the cause of __ ______

Gi distress

bacillus cereus is _____ and ______ toxins

emetic, diarrheal

bacillus anthracis is the cause of

anthrax

-anti phagocytic capsule of glutamine acid

-3 protein toxin that is lethal

-zoonotic

-ingestion, inhalation, and cutaneous forms

bacillus anthracis

zoonotic means

primarily disease of livestock

clostridium & clostridiodes are ______, _______ _______, and _________.

strict anaerobes, endospore formers, toxigenic

clostridium & clostridiodes are common in ____, ____, and ______

soil, sewage, animal GI tracts

clostridium & clostridiodes produce 3 types of toxins

1. neurotoxins

2. enterotoxins

3. histolytic

food poisoning, myonecrosis, gas gangrene are disease of

C. perfringens

C. botulinum is the cause of

botulism

How is C. botulinum usually acquired?

ingestion

C. botulinum produces a ______ that inhibits ACH release.

neurotoxin

Botox causes

flaccid paralysis

C. tetani is the cause of

tetanus

C. tetani grows in ______ wounds, makes tetanus toxin.

anaerobic

C. perifringens, C. botulism, C. tetani and clostridiodes. difficile are what kind of gram positives?

Clostridium, Clostridiodes

Which disease do we have NO natural immunity from and just die?

tetanus

______ are normal microbiota but also cause of pseudomembranous colitis resulting from overgrowth after antibiotic treatment.

C. difficile

L. monocytogenes is what kind of gram positive?

Listeria

L. monocytogenes is a _______ rod

non-spore forming

Portal of entries for L. monocytogenes are

food, drink

What is psychrotrophic, and virulence genes not active at low temps?

L. monocytogenes

In L. monocytogenes, they escape into cytoplasm during _______. They live intracellular and move cell to cell.

phagocytosis

Corynebacterium are found on _____, ______, and ________.

humans, animals, plants

Corynebacterium are _______ and _____

normal microbiota, opportunists

C. diphtheriae is the cause of

diphtheria

C. diphtheriae belongs to

corynebacterium

C. diphtheriae colonizes the ____

throat

The toxin from C. diphtheriae inhibits _____ synthesis, kills the cells locally

protein

-colonizes the throat

-kills heart and nerve cells

-antitoxin

-vaccination

C. diphtheriae

Most diseases caused by mycobacterium come from

M. tuberculosis, M. Leprae

M. avium-intracellulare is the environmental source of lung disease (like TB) in ____ patients.

AIDS

M. tuberculosis, M. Leprae have ____ acids as part of complex cell wall that protects against desiccation, destruction by phagocytes, and requires fast acid staining.

mycolic

M. tuberculosis, M. Leprae generally grow at what pace?

very slowly

cell wall factor that connects cells, resists phagocytosis, and is toxic to host cells

cord factor

What disease do the cells enter the lungs and infect macrophages?

Tuberculosis

What is called when the Tb spreads through the body?

disseminated

M. leprae is the cause of

Hansens disease/leprosy

M. Leprae grows in

peripheral nerves and skin cells

Nocardia asteroides are ____ rods

filamentous

Nocardia asteroides cause ____ and _____ disease

skin, lung

-large group of filamentous bacteria (includes streptomyces)

-mostly enviromental

-some species do cause infections, abscesses

actinomyces

Propionibacterium is what kind of rod

non-filamentous

P. aces causes inflammtion of _____

sebaceous glands

P. acnes is what kind of rod

non-filamentous