Rise of Totalitarianism (Prio)

Fasces

emblem of authority in Fascist Italy, symbolizes authority, power and justice

Il Duce

means “The Leader,” title for Mussolini when he became dictator of Italy

Chancellor

• Title given to Hitler after losing election to Paul Von Hindenberg

• Used this position of power to become a dictator

Repudiate

refuse to accept or be associated with

Fuhrer

• A ruthless, tyrannical leader

• Title given to Hitler after he becomes a dictator

• German version of Il Duce

Concentration Camp

• Political prisoners

• Minorities 

• These people imprisoned and treated horrible

• Many didn’t survive the camps

• Used for religious persecution among other things

Anti-Semitism

• Hostility or prejudice against a religious group

  • Most often Jewish people

• Nazis heavily believe in this

• Hitler used it to gain power

Eugenics

• False scientific practice used for propaganda

• Essentially meant to “improve” the human race

• Similar to breeding cows together to produce the best offspring

• Used in Germany and US among other places

• Based on Social Darwinism

Third Reich

• Title for Nazi control of Germany

• “Third Empire”

Master Race / Aryan Race

• Blonde hair, blue eyes

• This was the race eugenics was trying to form

Swastika

symbol of the Nazi Party

Hyperinflation

• When prices rise more than 50% per month

• German government started printing more money to try to combat the debt Germany was in

• Caused hyperinflation in German society

• Soon there were ridiculous prices for everything

Gestapo

• Nazi Secret Police

• Arrested people, killed political opponents etc.

Lebensraum

• The territory a nation or state believes they need for its natural development

• Associated with Nazi Germany

Autarky

• Economic independence

• Hitler believed Germany needed to one

• Does not rely on imports

• Gave people more jobs

Ultranationalist

• Extreme form of nationalism

• Provokes violence

• Seen a lot in Japan

Propaganda

• Biased information meant to manipulate the opinions of the public

• Often spread through the media or through posters

• Used a lot in totalitarian and authoritarian societies

• Hitler and Stalin both used this to gain support

Censorship

• Cannot have it in a democracy

• Censoring media

• Prohibiting things like books, films, and news

• Popular in totalitarian and authoritarian governments

Joseph Stalin

• Came to power after Vladimir Lenin

• Lenin warned against him

• Dictator of Russia

• Lots of negative outcomes from his rule

• Implemented the 5 year plan

• Set up labor camps / gulags

• Increased Russia’s economic growth at the expanse of people’s freedom

• Used secret police

Karl Marx

• Socialist

• Introduced the basis of communism

• Thought communism would first occur in Germany

• Actually occurred in Russia

Bolsheviks

• Communist party of Russia

• Overthrew the Russian Monarchy (Nikolai II)

• Led by Lenin then Stalin

Kulaks

• The wealthy Russian peasants

• Government was afraid of them because they owned land

  • Communist government doesn’t want individuals to own land

Five-Year Plans

• First Five Year Plan:

  • Economic control

  • Industrialization

  • Collectivization of agriculture

  • Less consumer goods

• Plans for economic growth

• Used quotas, punished if didn’t meet quota

• Caused famines

• For instance, the Holodomor was a man-made famine in Ukraine meant to be a genocide

• Build military

Great Purge / Show Trials

• Form of propaganda

• Rarely ever justified

• Political opponents killed

• Got the confessions and evidence from witnesses through unethical means (torturing family members for instance)

• Used to scare the public

Great Depression

• Caused by the Stock Market Crash

• Began in the US

• World-wide

• Economic disintegration

• Caused by bank failure, stock market crash, farm failures, and income inequality (among other things)

Stock Market Crash

• Happened in US

• One of the causes of the Great Depression

• During WWI, European farmers couldn’t farm because land was being destroyed

• American banks invested in new machinery for American farmers but after WWI ended, those farmers stopped making as much money and couldn’t pay back loans from the bank

• Therefore, stock market crash

Treaty of Versailles

• Treaty that ended WWI

• Germany was not represented

• Germany was blamed for the entirety of WWI

• Only Central Powers had to pay reparations (but mainly Germany)

• Germany lost a lot of territory 

• Austro-Hungarian Empire and Ottoman empire essentially destroyed

• France was really mad with Germany

• US (woodrow wilson) wanted to introduce his fourteen points

• Formed League of Nations (didn’t work)

• US never joined League of Nations

• Hitler blamed the unfairness of the Treaty of Versailles on the Jewish people

• Lots of German people very upset with the outcome of the Treaty of Versailles

• Hitler used this disillusionment to his advantage to get the German people to rally behind him

• Italy and Japan also upset that they didn’t get the territory they wanted

Benito Mussolini

• Dictator of Italy

• Il Duce

• Fought in WWI

• Introduced fascism

• Gained support because people feared revolution

• Led the March on Rome

• Formed the Blackshirt gang

Victor Emmanuel III

• King of Italy

• Respected and feared Mussolini

• Gave power to Mussolini after March on Rome

• Didn’t want a civil war

Black Shirts

• Gang formed by Mussolini

• Initially focused on Northern Italy

• Began their marches and violent actions there

March on Rome

• Fascists take control of Italy

• Mass demonstration

• Occurred in October 1922

• Caused Emmanuel III to give power to Mussolini

Adolf Hitler

• Inspired by Mussolini

• Fought in WWI

• Strongly believed that aryans were inherently better than non-aryans

• Blamed Jews for everything (anti semitic)

• Became dictator of Germany

Mein Kampf

• “My struggle”

• Autobiography written by Hitler while he was in prison

• Had Hitler’s plans for the world

Ruhr Occupation

French and Belgian troops’ occupation of the Ruhr area of Weimar Republic Germany that caused conflict

Brown Shirts / Storm Troopers

• Helped Hitler rise to power

• Soldiers 

• Nazi militia

• Similar to Mussolini’s Black Shirts

Beer Hall Putsch

• An attempt to overthrow Weimar Republic 

• Hitler failed

• Prohibited from speaking in public again until 1927

• Sent to prison

• Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison

Reichstag Fire

• Reichstag parliament building burned down

• Hitler blamed the Jews

• Made the Jews a scapegoat

• Influenced the other German people to dislike their Jewish neighbors and begin to act against them

Enabling Act

Gave Hitler power to pass any law he wished without running it by any other authority which meant Hitler quickly became a dictator

Hitler Youth

• Indoctrination of German youth

• Manipulated kids’ views of the Nazis’ actions

• Made them spy on their parents and neighbors for disloyalty

• Brutally trained them to become soldiers

• Harsh discipline used on children

• Made the youth good fighters and easy to control

Dawes Plan

• Decrease of Germany’s reparation payment

• Reichsmark adopted as a result

• Solution to hyperinflation

Kristallnacht

• Night of broken glass

• Night of extreme violence against Jewish people

• Synagogues burned

• Jewish-owned businesses destroyed

• Jewish homes destroyed

• 30,000 arrests of Jewish men

• Government and non-involved German people turned a blind eye

• Cost a lot of money to pay for all the glass that was broken on Kristallnacht

• Led to the harsher treatment of Jews in following decade

Japanese Militarism

• Strength of military = strength of nation

• Started building military strength after industrializing

• Wanted to become an imperial nation

• Forced people to serve in the military for three years

• Inspired nationalism

• Military under the control of the civilian government

• End of Shogunate government

Japanese Imperialism

• Behind on progress

• Starts to take over regions in the Pacific and East Asia

• Wanting more land caused them to join WWI and WWII

Command Economy

• Government entirely controls the economy

  • Production

  • Investment

  • Prices

  • Incomes

• Part of Communism

• Caused poverty and famine

Collective

• Group of people working the same land

• Government took the food and redistributed it

• Caused famine

• People reacted poorly to it

Capitalism

• Every man for themselves

• Private ownership

• Supply and demand

• Little to no government involvement

• Free market

Socialism

• Class equality

• Freedom of workers

• Between capitalism and communism

Communism

• Large government involvement

• No individual ownership

• Everyone shares everything

• Focuses on equality instead of freedom or independence

• First used in Russia

• Most people feared this way of ruling

• Government controls economy

Democracy

• Freedom of press

• Right to vote

• Fair elections

• Checks and balances

• General population gets to influence the government

Totalitarianism

• Centralized government

• Run by a dictator

• Subservience of people

• One party, one ideology mindset

• Government in control of everything

• Highly centralized system of government that requires strict obedience

Fascism

• Authoritarian

• Ultranationalist

• Believes in violence and a strong military

• War and violence is important

• A government that embraces extreme nationalism, violence, and action with the goal of internal cleansing and external expansion

Nazism

• Branch of fascism

• Led by Hitler

• Anti-semitic

• Focused on creating a pure master race

Racism

Prejudice against people because of their race

Dictator’s Playbook

• Mussolini’s life

• Rise and fall of fascism in italy

• One party, one ideology

Authoritarianism

• Strict obedience at the expense of personal freedom

• No political freedoms

• Focuses on the maintenance of order at the expense of personal freedom.

Militarism

• Building a strong military

• Strength of military equals strength of country

• Fascist and totalitarian believes focused on militarism

Controlled Economy

• Government controls production

• Similar to command economy

Fascist Imperialism

• Gaining more land with violence

• Major European dictators focused on this

• One cause of WWII