Fluency disorder quiz 1

fluency

the effortless flow and rate of speech

stuttering

a disorder of speech fluency characterized by various speech and non- speech behaviors that interfere with the forward flow of speech

Borderline stuttering

Young preschool (2- 3.5 years)

Beginning stuttering

older preschool (3.5- 6 years)

Intermediate stuttering

school age (6- 14 years)

advanced stuttering

adolescent/ adult

what differentiates stuttering from normal disfluent speech?

• feeling and attitude behind stuttering

• secondary behaviors

PWS

People who stutter

disfluency

can mean either normal or abnormal fluency breaks

dysfluency

abnormal/ disorderd fluency breaks

causes behind stuttering

• genetic/ congenital influences

• developmental influences

• environmental influences

repetitions

a mono- syllable word or part of a word is repeated more than two times

prolongations

sound or airflow continues, but movement of articulators is stopped (can be as short as ½ second)

blocks

inappropriate stoppage of airflow or voicing at any levels of speech

behaviors accompanied by blocks

tremors of lips, tongue, jaw, and/ ord laryngeal muscles

average length of a stutter

1 second

secondary behaviors

learned behaviors that are triggered by the experience of stuttering or the anticipation of it

escape

behaviors that occur when the speaker is stuttering and attempts to terminate the stutter and finish the word

examples of escape secondary behaviors

eye blinks, head nods

avoidance

behaviors that occur when the speaker anticipates a stutter and tries to avoid it by changing the word or saying “uh” just before the word

impact of feelings about stuttring

may contribute to the frequency and severity of stuttering

attitudes

feelings that have become more permanent and affect the person’s beliefs about themselves and others

onset of stuttering

onset is often sporadic before becoming consistent and may start as

• a gradual increase in normal childhood disfluencies

• sudden appearance of prolongations or blocks

average time of onset of stuttering

2.8 years

prevelance

a measure of how many people stutter at any given time

prevalence of stuttering

• kindergarten: 2.4%

• school- age: 1%

• adults: less than 1%

incidence

a measure of how many people have stuttered at some point in their lives

incidence of stuttering

5%

recovery without treatment

70% to 80% of children who begin to stutter will recover without treatment

recovery is associated with

• being right handed

• growing up with a non-directive mother

• having a slower speech rate and more mature speech motor system

difference between male and female children who stutter

girls are more likely to stutter earlier than boys, but recover more frequently than boys

anticipation

people who stutter can predict which words they will stutter on in a reading passage

consistency

people who stutter tend to stutter on the same words each time they read a passage

adaptation

may stutter less each time they read a passage (up to about 6 readings)

frequent disfluencies in adults who stutter

• consonants

• sounds in word- initial position and beginning of sentences

• main words (noun, verb, etc)

• longer words

• stressed syllables

frequent disfluencies in preschool children who suttert

• pronouns and conjugations

• repetitions of parts of word and single syllable word in sentence- initial position

• trigger is linguistic planning and preparation (tends to happen at the beginning of syntactic units)

conditions that can reduce stuttering

• relaxed environments

• in unison

• to an animal or infant

• when using voice differently (singing, dialect, etc)

• slow rate

• delayed auditory feedback

constitutional factors

something that predisposes a child to stuttering

types of constitutional factors of stuttering

• biological/ hereditary

• Congenital/ early childhood trauma

• brain structure and function

family studies

the pattern of studies within a family

epigenetics

factors that influence the expression of genes as specific behaviors

persistent and recovered stuttering

chromosome 9

persistent stuttering only

chromosome 15

percentage of people who stutter with no family history of stuttering

40- 70%

congenital/ early childhood factors associated with stuttering

• brain injury before or soon after birth

• premature birth

• surgery

• head injury

• mental retardation

• intense fear

purpose of determining factors of stuttering

to relieve parent guilt

Right hemisphere differences in people who stutter

over activity in the right hemisphere counterparts of speech areas in the left hemisphere

auditory area differences in people who stutter

reduced activity in auditory processing and speech processing areas

white matter tract differences in people who stutter

less dense white matter tracts connecting planning and sensorimotor information (superior longitudinal fasciculus)

broca’s area difference people who stutter

less gray matter