Valence Electrons and octet rule

What are valence electrons?

The electrons in the outermost shells of an atom.

How is the number of valence electrons determined?

The atom's group number in the Periodic Table (e.g., Carbon (Group IV) has 4, Oxygen (Group VI) has 6).

What is the role of valence electrons in chemical bonding?

Only valence electrons participate in chemical bonding.

Explain the Octet Rule.

Atoms lose, gain, or share electrons to achieve eight electrons in their valence shell, resembling noble gases.

What are valence electrons?

The electrons in the outermost shells of an atom.

How is the number of valence electrons determined?

The atom's group number in the Periodic Table (e.g., Carbon (Group IV) has 4, Oxygen (Group VI) has 6).

What is the role of valence electrons in chemical bonding?

Only valence electrons participate in chemical bonding.

Explain the Octet Rule.

Atoms lose, gain, or share electrons to achieve eight electrons in their valence shell, resembling noble gases.

What are the exceptions to the Octet Rule?

Elements in the second period with odd numbers of valence electrons, too few, or too many (e.g., Li•, Be:, •B•). It also does not apply to d-block elements.

What are Lewis Symbols?

Represent valence electrons (s and p orbitals) as dots around an element's symbol (e.g., Li•, Be:, •B•, •C, N•).

What is chemical bonding?

Interactions holding atoms together in molecules, ions, or compounds, formed by sharing or transferring valence electrons.

Define Electronegativity (EN).

Measures an atom's ability to attract shared electrons. Higher EN means stronger attractive power to electrons.

Define Electron Affinity (EA).

Energy released when an electron is added to a gaseous atom. High EA elements easily gain electrons to form anions.

Define Ionization Energy (IE).

Energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom. Low IE elements easily lose electrons to form cations.

What is the general relationship between Ionization Energy (IE) and Electronegativity (EN)?

Generally, higher first IE correlates with greater electronegativity.

What determines the type of chemical bonding between elements?

It depends on the types of elements involved (metals/non-metals).

What are the main types of chemical bonding?

• Ionic bonding
• Covalent bonding
• Metallic bonding

List the Intermolecular Forces (IMFs) from strongest to weakest.

• Hydrogen bonding (strongest)
• Van der Waals forces:
  • Ion-dipole interaction
  • Dipole-dipole interaction
  • London dispersion forces (weakest, found in all substances)

How do Intermolecular Forces affect substances?

These forces affect structures and physical properties.

Which type of bond is generally stronger: ionic or covalent?

Ionic bonds are generally stronger than covalent bonds.

What is the character of most chemical bonds?

Most bonds are not 100% ionic or 100% covalent; they have a mix of both characters.