AP Gov Amendments, Clauses, Bureaucracy

First Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

Second Amendment

Right to keep and bear arms

Third Amendment

No quartering of soldiers during peacetime

Fourth Amendment

Protects against unreasonable search and seizure without a warrant or probable cause.

Fifth Amendment

Designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without due process of law.

Sixth Amendment

Right to counsel, confront witnesses, and the right to a speedy and public trial.

Seventh Amendment

Right to a trial by jury in civil cases

Eight Amendment

Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail or fines.

Ninth Amendment

People's rights are not limited to those listed in the Constitution. Enumerated rights aren't your only rights.

Tenth Amendment

Powers not delegated to the federal gov't are reserved to the states.

First Amendment Establishment Clause

Prohibits congress from establishing a national religion or church.

First Amendment Free Exercise Clause

Protects right to practice religion without government interference.

Limitations on free speech

Time, place, manner regulations (doesn't restrict the words, but when where and how they're said). Defamatory, offensive, obscene regulations. Clear and present danger act.

Selective Incorporation

The process by which the Bill of Rights is applied to the states.

14th Amendment Citizenship Clause

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment

States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race. Gave black men the right to vote

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators.

19th Amendment

Women's suffrage

23rd Amendment

Gave DC residents the right to vote and representation in the electoral college.

24th Amendment

Abolished poll taxes.

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States.

14th Amendment Equal Protections Clause

Requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all people. Served as the foundation for the civil rights movement and cases involving segregation.

14th Amendment Due Process Clause

No STATE shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

Provides the basis for selective incorporation, which doesn't occur automatically but must happen through the Supreme Court.

Civil Liberties

Freedoms found in the Bill of Rights of the Constitution that protect individuals from the government.

Civil Rights

Protections from discrimination rooted in the Equal Protections clause of the 14th Amendment.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments, portion of the constitution designed to protect individual liberties. Demanded by anti-federalists at the Constitutional Convention

3/5 Compromise

South wanted slaves to count as people to get more representation in congress. North argued slaves shouldn't be counted since they didn't have rights. Not about a person's value but a political move during a debate of representation.

Commerce Clause

Supremacy Clause

Necessary and Proper (Elastic) Clause

Full Faith and Credit Clause (Article IV)

States must recognize other states' legal decisions.

Privileges and Immunities Clause (Article IV)

Prevents states from discriminating against citizens of other states.

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

21st Amendment

Repealed prohibition

Monetary Policy

The process in which the money supply and interest rates are manipulated by the Federal Reserve in order to influence growth, inflation, and employment.

Fiscal Policy

The process in which government spending and taxation is used to influence the economy.

The Bureaucracy

A system of government management made up of departments and agencies.

Independent Regulatory Commissions

Agencies created by congress which regulate economic and public interests. Run by a board rather than a single member. Example: Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates tv.

Departments

Large broad policy areas at the cabinet level. Cabinet secretaries lead the exec Departments, chosen by him and approved by Senate.

Agencies

Specific task units within departments. They may be independent. Ex: FBI, EPA, CIA.

Government Corporations

a government organization acting like a business, offering public goods and services for a fee. Ex: Amtrak, USPS

Delegated Discretionary Authority

The power given to the bureaucracy by Congress to make rules that best enforce laws.