MIS 180 Final Exam SDSU Meader

Data

raw facts ex: sales numbers, temperatures, etc

Information

Processed data with meaning ex: customer data, financial statements

Business Intelligence (BI)

patterns and relationships from data ex: sales trends

Knowledge

Application of BI to decisions ex: using sales trends to stock inventory

What is a fact?

• A thing that is indisputably the case

• a statement that is with objective reality

What is the difference between a true/useful fact & a false/misleading fact?

• true = “the sky is blue”

• misleading = “the sky is above” “the sky is green”

Triangulation

taking a “read” from different sources because they show different info

Corroboration

checking one sources story against another similar sources story to see if they agree.

What does it mean to be information literate?

the ability to find, evaluate, and use information effectively

Quality of information pyramid

(top to bottom)

1. Knowledge

2. Business Intelligence

3. Information

4. Data

System

a set of interconnected processes and characteristics forming a complex whole

Process

A series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a specific end

8 Parts to any system of process

1. inputs

2. processes (that transform inputs)

3. outputs

4. controls (that evaluate the process according to business rules)

5. feedback

6. adjustment

7. purpose or function that guide controls

8. time

Supersystem

a larger system that contains other systems

system

a set of interconnecting components working together to form a complex integrated whole in order to achieve some goal by taking inputs & processing them to produce outputs

subsystem

a system that’s part of a larger system

interdependence

systems rely on each other

synergy

combined parts produce more value than individually

entropy/obsolescense

all systems fall apart over time if they don’t adapt

suboptimization

designed-intentionally to work less than optimally, but to perfectly serve a higher order system

Functional parts of an enterprise

sales, accounting, finance, human resources, marketing, operations management

Stakeholders in an enterprise

partners, suppliers, government, customers

Stakeholder

benefits in some way from the operation of that company which may not include owning stock

Shareholder

owns share of stock, or equity of that company

Shareholders & Stakeholders

all shareholders are stakeholders, but not all stakeholders are shareholders

The problems we face in evaluating information

1. information overload

2. more variability in information quality

3. information evaluation is hard

Availability heuristic

if something is easy to grasp and understand, then we tend to overestimate the likeliness that it’s true

Representative heuristic

if an idea fits into an already existing category well, then humans attribute the characteristics of that category to that new idea

What’s a cognitive miser?

• the tendency to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in a more sophisticated & more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence

• someone who takes mental shortcuts

Bias

prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group, compared with another. Usually in a way considered to be unfair

Perspective

a particular attitude towards or way of regarding something, a POV

Information Overload

when information inflow exceeds an individuals processing capacity.

how to deal with it: focussing, sampling info, prioritize.

sometimes: oversimplify, modify/distort, rely on habits

9 qualities of high quality information

Intrinsic Dimension:

1. accurate

2. believable

3. objective

4. consistent

5. understandable

Contextual Dimension

6. relevant

7. timely

8. comprehensive

9. current

Evaluating info

is it useful: meets needs

is it believable: trustworthy

Disinformation

the intentional creation & transmission of known false information ex: fake news, fake social media posts

How does a search engine work?

1. spider bot collects pages

2. those pages get stored in a database

3. user searches database not the liveweb

How does a search engine populate its database?

mainly through the spiderbot, crawler begins with a list of known websites, follows links, sorts, and stores data

(when a user makes a search they’re likely not searching the live web, they’re searching the “search engine index database”

General search engine

search that enables users to search for documents on the world wide web ex: google, yahoo, bing

Vertical search engine

a website that indexs info on the world wide web in a specialized area ex: amazon, etsy, zillow, indeed

Precision

% of the documents (pages) you found that are relevant to your search goals

Recall

% of the relevant pages that are “out there” and that you found

Wittgensteins forms of life

the set of interpretations an individual has as a result of their profession or personal experience

Wittgensteins language games

the way people use words is based on the situation

forms of life and language games applied to the web

• on the web you need to learn from the form of life surrounding an industry or org

• on the web you need to learn how people involved in that form of life are playing language games

Surface web

the sites and pages that the search engines know about and index for users to find

deep web

the sites and pages are behind firewalls or otherwise not indexed by the search engines. the casual user can’t see these or even know that they exist

dark web

pages that are encrypted and aren’t visible to anyone without special access. Often using a technology called TOR & often dealing with illegal stuff

Processor (CPU)

that hardware that interprets and excecutes the software instructions, shows how hardware devices work together

Processor Clock Speed (Ghz)

the speed of the microprocessors, called the clock speed, often is measured in gigahertz which is 1 billion cycles per second

Primary storage (Ram, registes cache)

computers main memory. includes RAM (random access memory) & ROM (read only memory)

Secondary storage

long term storage, ex: external hard drive

Input devices

used to capture information & commands ex: mouse, keyboard

Output devices

used to see results of information ex: monitor, printer

What is the wifi protocol

802.11 Wifi 6

What is the protocol to connect to a LAN

Ethernet

Client computer

computer designed to request information from a server

Server computer

computer dedicated to providing information in response to requests

Bit

short for binary digit, smallest element of data, either 0 (off) or 1 (on)

Byte

group of 8 bits, which operate as a single unit, represents one character or unit

How many bits are in a byte?

8

How many bytes are in a kilobyte?

1000

How many bits are in a gigabyte

8 billion

Storage capacity measurement (small to big)

1. Kilobyte (KB) thousand bytes

2. Megabyte (MB) million bytes

3. Gigabyte (GB) billion bytes

4. Tetrabyte (TB) trillion bytes

5. Petabyte (PB) quadrillion bytes

Opperating system

runs hardware, manages resources

Application

performs user tasks

How do humans create software applications?

• use the “machine language” such as java, c#, python, & visual basic to create programming commands

Source code

human readable code, can write, edit, delete it

Object code

machine readable only, binary

Open source code

free, modifiable

Proprietary

licenced, closed

General purpose application

electronic mail, word processing, database managers, spreadsheets

Functional Business Application

marketing, accounting, human resources, mgmt, production/operations, finance

3 ways businesses use I.S.

1. build it (you program it)

2. buy it (neither time nor expertise to build it)

3. rent it (neither time nor expertise but want to pay as you go)

Business strategy

the overall vision and goals for the enterprises future, planning, larger scale

Business Tactic

a set of specific actions that excecute the enterprise’s strategy, doing, smaller scale

Critical success factor (CSF)

areas/processes we need to do well to compete with our strategy

Key performance indicators (KPI)

metrics that measure our progress in those CSF’s compared to strategic & tactical goal, shows how effectively a company is achieving key business objectives

Return on Investment (ROI)

a performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment or compare the efficiency of different investments

Benchmarking

metrics that compare a performance to a baseline measure, such as how well a competitor is doing

Value Chain analysis

views a firm as a series of business processes. each add value to a product or service. Built up of support activities and primary activites

What does SWOT stand for?

Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threats. Used to evaluate project position

SWOT identifies features of the overall business that need management attention

Customer Facing Process

results in a product or service that is received by an organizations external customer

Business facing process

invisible to the external customer but essential to the effective management of the business.

also known as the “back office” process

Relative address

will change when moved or autofilled ex B1

Absolute address

will not change when moved or autofilled ex $B$1

IF function

IF(logical test, “value if true”, “value if false”)

NPER

number of payments

RATE

finds interest rate (to get the monthly interest rate divide by 12)

PV

calculates the present value of an investment

FV

calculates the future value of an investment

Structured Data

clearly defined (facts, numbers, dates, specific) and can therefore be easily organized & searchable

Unstructured data

basically “everything else” includes formats like video, audio, social media postings

Which is easier for businesses to process?

Structured, because it’s easier to organize, search, and retrieve

Big data (the 5 V’s)

1. Volume: sheet quantity of data being gathered and stored

2. Velocity: speed at which new data are gathered and stored

3. Variety: variety of the kinds of new data

4. Veracity: the quality, accuracy, credibility of data

5. Value: what you can do with the data

Characteristics of high quality information

• consistent: info is the same

• complete: is the data complete

• accessible: how easy it is to access

• accurate: truth of the info

• timely: get info before you need it

Qualities of poor data management

• data redundancy

• data inconsistency

• data isolation

• data insecurity

Database

stores data about various types of objects, events, people, and places

Database Management System (DBMS)

creates, reads, updates, and deletes (CRUD) data in a database while controlling access and security.

Advantages of a DBMS

• centrally located

• quality is controlled

• data’s accessible

• easy to maintain

Relational database terms (small to big)

data value: an actual piece of information at the smallest level

field: the smallest meaningful piece of data

record: set of fields containing all info known about one entity

relational file (or table): collection of related records

database: collection of files/tables